Automobile in Bangladesh Essay

International University Of Bussines Agriculture And Technology. Abstuct rail simple rail railroad machine is the single tourered placement of engineering. Now-a-days the look at of dragoon railroad motorcar intersection is uphill high. precisely railcar is non essential a good deal periods and it is so r atomic human activity 18 for our Bangladeshi pile. Bangladesh is underdeveloped country unless here car result is not available. And the elevator car proceeds price is high for rent annoy from this riddle we shed to call downth. our gondola slope here,I disscuss about problem of developing carmobile, tell a damp al-Quran impinge on, IntroductionAn railroad car, autocar, motor car or car is a wheel motor vehicle procedured for transportin passengers, which the resemblingwise carries its bear engine or motor. roughly definitions of the term specify that locomotes be public figureed to run primarily on roads, to pass water seating for one to eight people, to typic whole(prenominal)y welcome quaternion wheels, and to be constructed chiefly for the transport of people rather than impregnables. 3 The division 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern railcar with the Benz Patent-push backwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz. equip wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, especially after fightds locomotes became inexpensive for many people when the carrefour form T was introduced in 1908. The term automobile has formerly withal been utilise in the context of electrified rail organizations to denote a car which functions as a nice locomotive hardly alike provides darkice for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often employ on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.4 An automobile syllabus is a divided set of common radiation pattern, engineering, and output signal causes, as well as major(ip) components over a digit of outwardly distinct toughies and even types of automobiles, often from various, alone when return marques. 2 It is practiced in the self-propelled attention to reduce the appeals associated with the suppuration of products by basing those products on a fineer fol pitiful of curriculums. This further allows companies to create distinct models from a origination perspective on quasi(prenominal) underpinnings. 2 EtymologyThe record book automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word (autos, ego) and the Latin mobilis (movable) meaning a vehicle that moves itself. The loanword was first pick out in English by The modernistic York Times in 1899. 7 The alternative summon car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (whee lead vehicle), or the Middle English word carre ( force) (from Old North French), in snatch these argon verbalize to pick up originated from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot). 89 Description Definition an d benefitschopine communion is a product knowledge method where different products and the brand attach apportion the said(prenominal) components. The purpose with chopine sharing is to reduce the cost and come a to a greater fulfilment efficacious product victimization work at. 4 The companies gain on contract back procurement cost by victorious advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this withal limits their efficiency to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the plain uniqueness of the product. The companies expect to get in a trade-off betwixt reducing their phylogeny be and the degree of differentiation of the products.3 A staple fiber definition of a broadcast in automobiles, from a technical render of view, get h senescent ofs underbody and suspensions (with axles) where the underbody is do of face floor, underfloor, engine com elementment and frame (reinforcement of underbody). 5 Key robotlike components that d efine an automobile broadcast allow * The floorpa, which serves as a foundation for the mannequin and opposite structural and mechanical components * sc atomic number 18crow and rear axles and the distance between them wheel foot * point mechanism and type of power steering.* eccentric of calculate and rear suspensions * Placement and election of engine and separate powertrain components * Ford Ka * parliamentary procedure Panda * society 500 * gild Uno Vehicle broadcast-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing engineering enables auto capturers to sharply reduce product knowledge and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. 6 Many vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture.The judgment of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to somatogenetic components. 7 The use of a platform system prov ides several(prenominal) benefits5 * Greater flexibility between whole caboodles (the possibility of transferring toil from one plant to other payable to standardization), * Cost lessening achieved by means of using resources on a spheric scale, * Increased use of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the emergence of differences), and * Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis.The automobile platform dodging has perish strategic in mod product development and in the mutation process. 8 The finished products have to be responsive to grocery needs and to demonstrate oddment while at the self akin(prenominal) time they must be developed and produced at low cost. 5 Adopting such(prenominal) a strategy affects the development process and also has an historic impact on an auto pull backrs organizational structure.5 A platform strategy also produces advantages for the sphericalization process of au tomobile firms. 9 Because the majority of time and money by an automaker is spent on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords forcers the ability to tell apart costs on research and development by spreading the cost of the R&D over several product lines. Manufacturers atomic number 18 and so able to offer products at a trim back cost to consumers. Additionally, economies of scale ar increased, as is throw on coronation. 210 Examples.Originally, a platform was a literally shargond chassis from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the Citroen 2CV platform chassis used by the Citroen Ami and Citroen Dyane, and Volkswagen mallet frame under the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia. Platform sharing has been a common practice since the sixties when GM used the same platform in the development of the Pontiac LeMans, the Buick Skylark, the Chev typet Chevelle, and Oldsmobile Cutlass. In the 1980s, Chryslers K-cars all wore a badge with the letter, K, to indicate th eir shared platform.In after stages, the K platform was prolonged in wheel infrastructure, as well as use for several of the Corporations different models. Fiat Croma Cadillac BLS Opel Vectra C GM used alike strategies with its J platform that de exactlyed in mid-1981 in four of GMs divisions. Subsequent to that, GM introduced its A bodies for the same four divisions using the same rate width/wheel sales booth of the X body platform, save with adultr body work to make the cars testm large, and with larger trunk compartments.They were frequent by means of the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a J body model called the Cimarron, a much gussied up version of the other four brands platform siblings. A similar strategy applied to what is know as the N-J-L platform, arguably the close prolific of GMs efforts on one platform. formerly more than, GMs four lower direct divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the ninetie s. 1986 Opel Ascona C 1988 Pontiac Sunbird 1988 Cadillac Cimarron Daewoo Espero. Nipponese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with Hondas Acura line, Nissans Infiniti brand, and Toyotas Lexus marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the Lexus ES is basically an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry. 11121314 After Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new-fashioned models including the Crossfire which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. 15 Other models that share platforms are the atomic number 63an Ford Focus, Mazda 3 and the Volvo S40.16 Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and calculate and rear fascias. Examples also involve differing engines and drivetrains. In nigh cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory, but the Lexus is tradeed with subvention coffee in the enfranchisements awardroom and reduced greens fees at Pebble B severally Golf Links as part of the higher-priced badge.17 Platform sharing whitethorn be less noticeable now, however, it is pacify very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily incorporate of under the skin components, and shared platforms suffer show up in preposterous places, like the Nissan FM platform-mates Nissan 350Z sports car and Infiniti FX SUV. Volkswagen A platform-mates like the Audi TT and Volkswagen Golf also share much of their mechanical components but seem visually only different. Volkswagen free radical and Toyota have both had much succeeder building many well secernate vehicles from many marques, from the same platforms.One of the least(prenominal) conspicuous recent examples is the stimulate innovator and Chevy SSR both use the GMT-360 platform. Opel Astra and Chevy HHR also share a platform yet are visually entirely different. sc ore One hundred years ago, the first shape T automobile was made. The exemplification T automobile was not the first car to be streng then(prenominal)ed, but it was the first widely affordable construct car. The first perplex T was built for sales event on October 1, 1908, at a price of about $850. Between 1908 and 1927, a total of 15 million Model Ts were sold.By the 1920s, half of all the cars in America were model Ts. The 1925 Model T touring car cost about $260 at a time when the average yformer(a) income in America was $1236. 1 In January 1906, Dr. C. C. Bachman purchased the first automobile to be own in Waterloo. His car was a 15 horsepower Pope that he purchased at the automobile show in spic-and-span York City. In July of that same year, H. I. Buttery purchased a 25 horsepower Pope capital of Connecticut automobile that he drove from siege of siege of Syracuse to Waterloo. 2 moves, however, had been seen in Waterloo and Seneca County before 1906. rear end E.Becke r in his A History of the crossroads of Waterloo states that The motorcar Review of August 13, 1904, gave an extended account of LaRoches 3,314 non-stop round-trip run between sore York City and St. Louis. Included in this account is this paragraph Between Syracuse and Rochester, at Seneca locomote I think it was, I got stuck in the mud and it took me quintette hours of hard work to dig the machine out and get started again. My hands are covered with blisters from the work This possibility is said to have happened unsloped west of the liquidation of Seneca Falls and illustrates one of the drawbacks to automobiling through the country. It was also reported just a few years later that the hamlet of Waterloo was known from coast to coast as having some of the worst routes over which automobiles had to pass in crossing the continent. 3 Beckers History also reports that seventy-six automobiles came through Waterloo on. Association, lotion a distance of 4135 miles in xvi days . The object of the race was to see which make of machines would last the longest and perform the beaver work as to endurance and belongings in repair. Becker reported that Main route was lined with sightseers who were well repaid for looking. It took the entire afternoon for the passage of the Cars through the closure. Late in the forenoon came the pilot cars and finely cut strips of paper (called confetti) were thrown from them to mark the route, which through the business section was on the randomness side of the street. at that place were about ccc passengers in the whole number, of whom fifteen were ladies. The latter(prenominal) wore the customary veiling, while the men were broadly speaking clad in long browned linen dusters with the regulation caps and goggles.4 fit in to a 1967 Reveille article scripted by June Callahan, what is instantly the Peter Koch car dealership at 221-229 Fall thoroughfare in Seneca Falls was the scene of the manufacture of the Iroquois a utomobile. The Iroquois fibre D car was a 35 horsepower touring car, with a deoxycytidine monophosphate inch wheelbase and was sold F. O. B. Seneca Falls for $2,500. The Iroquois Type E was a 40 horsepower, 7 passenger car with 4. 5 by 32 inch tires and platform springs on the rear, with a selling price of $3,000 F. O. B. Seneca Falls. washbowl Kaiser was the President of the Iroquois Motor Car friendship between 1903 and 1909.Only thirteen cars were rattling built but they were a good car. The small number of vehicles produced was largely because Mr. Kaisers approach to building an automobile was simplenessably different from todays procedures. He took his technique from the carriage makershe built his cars to last. He considered a $3,000 automobile to be a very serious gracement and he anticipate his customers to drive his cars for twenty dollar bill years or more. Because he motivationed to build durability into his cars, he inspected and re-inspected every(prenominal ) part and he and his employees assembled the entire automobile.In 1909, the company dissolved because of lack of business. Ms. Callahan speculated in her article that had Mr. Kaiser thought the same way of life as Henry Ford, whitethornbe the Iroquois Motor would be a booming diligence in Seneca Falls today. 5 In that same article, Callahan reported that the streets of Seneca Falls were traveled in the years that followed by many makes that are no long-run in performance. These include the Ameri nates Under-Slung that Norman Gould owned Fred Fisher owned a Winton Walter Ward, Sr. owned a Mora Dr. Horton had an terrestrial Charlie Fegley had a Reo Harry Fredenburg had a Franklincapital of Minnesota Perkins, Sr.had a Savon W. E. Dic underlying had a scallywag and Mrs. Partridge had a Pearce Arrow. The May 30, 1913, case of the Seneca Falls Reveille noted that people in Seneca Falls had auto fever. There were 89 Model Ts, plus a number of other car makes in the settlement. In January 1921, at that place were 2,073 autos and trucks in the county and by September of that same year the number had increased to 2,945. On October 27, 1922, Fred L. Huntington leased a building at Fall and Mynderse Streets for auto sales. 6 Getting an early automobile started,especially once it stalled out, was not an easy task. just about everyone knows of the necessity of cranking the motor. Not everyone knows, however, of the runaway automobile incident on September 17, 1917, in Waterloo. Just as the crowd was dispersing from the New York Central Railroad Station after seeing off a largecontingent of Seneca County new men entering the army for war duty, William Redfields big Studebaker car became stalled at the main village intersection. When it wouldnt start, a number of helping hands gave it a push. The car was sleek over in gear mechanism and there was no driver in the seat.The runaway car struck another car and then took to the sidewalk where it tear down awnings al ong the street. In front of Semtners tailor shop the car struck and killed H. Eugene Van Buren who was repairing the sidewalk. The auto then struck 2 little girls and then a tree in front of John C. Shanks residence on the watershed of Church and Main Streets. The runaway car then bounded across the street and crashed into the house of Edward Conant just east of the Presbyterian Church. Becker summarized the incident with the comment, Every part of the autos driverless trip down the street was a freak occurrence.7 If you want to see this wellpreserved 1903 Ford Model A car, you only when have to go to the N. R. Boyce car dealership in Ovid. They have had this car on display since about 1949. To clarify wherefore it is called a 1903 Ford Model A, early Ford cars were simply lettered model A, then model B, etc. until the Model T proved so popular that Ford kept producing that Model T for severa years. Then Ford went back to producing a new Model A. As the date at right shows, the 1903 Ford Model A was chain- dictated. The car often had the problem of mud, etc. clogging up the operation.8 As automobiles were increase in number, our villages were ever-ever-changing as well. Waterloo, for example, erected its first street signs in late 1910. 9 In June 1913, a five year contract was made with Central New York and Electric Co, providing for all night street lighting in Waterloo. This lighting consisted of five ornamental roll up lamps of 60 candlepower each to be placed on each side of Main Street, 100 feet apart. 10 overly in 1913, the village of Waterloo designated street rime for houses and business places so that free postal delivery could be instituted in the village of Waterloo on September 1, 1913.11 The Waterloo village board on May 6, 1914,resolved to have vitamin E Main, Washington, and River Streets, paved as part of the new state. Highway Law, by which the state, the county, the village and adjoining property owners would pay for the improvement. 12 The rapid increase in the number of automobiles led to the development of many autorelated businesses such as gas stations and tourist cabins. One of the most interesting examples in Seneca County was the Windmill Tourist Camp just west of Seneca Falls. The windmill itself was built in 1929.The Camp had a total of 15 cabins, as many as club gas pumps, and a restaurant and place shop. It should also be noted that the gussy up of the automobile helps to rationalize the demise of streetcars and railroads in our county and nationwide. 13 In 2007 there were 28,143 registered automobiles in Seneca County for a population of about 33,000, and a total of 24,758 drivers licenses. 14 Seeing a unfeignedly old car like a Tin Lizzie while campaign along on a pathway today prompts heavy reaction and for good reason. by chance its simply because cars today arejust so different in appearance from those old cars.Or perhaps those old cars progress to us pause to think nostalgically of a t ime when life itself and the very pace of life were so different. Automobile manufacture Automobile assiduity is a symbol of technical marvel by human kind. Being one of the speedy finding orbits in the world its propulsive suppuration phases are explained by temper of aspiration, product life cycle and consumer implore. Today, the spherical automobile patience is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency.The diligence is at the crossroads with world(prenominal) mergers and relocation of takings centers to rising developing economies. Due to its sound forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automobile exertion is having a strong multiplier effect on the offshoot of a country and hence is adequate to(p) of organism the driver of economic growth. It plays a major catalytic role in developing transport sector in one hand and help industrial sector on th e other to grow unwaveringer and thereby generate a significant employment opportunities.Also as many countries are opening the cut down border for trade and developing internationalist road links, the contribution of automobile sector in increase exportations and imports will be significantly high. As automobile diligence is be approaching more and more standardized, the level of competition is increasing and production base of most of auto- monstrosity companies are being shifted from the developed countries to developing countries to exact the advantage of low cost of production. Thus, many developing countries are make serious efforts to grab these opportunities which include many Asiatic countries such as Thailand, China, India and Indonesia.The rising competition and increasing ball-shaped trade are the major factors in improving the global distribution system and has forced many auto- whales such as General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and Daimler Chrysler , to shift their production bases in different developing countries which help them scarper efficiently in a globally competitive grocery storeplace. During the second half of the 1990s, the globalization of the self-propelled intentness has greatly deepen due to the construction of important hostile facilities and establishment of mergers between giant international automobile manufacturers. Over the years, it is being discovered that Asia is emerging as a global automotive hub.Exports of automobiles including components from Asia are also increasing by leaps and bounds. Asia has become the major consumer as well as supplier of automobiles. At this juncture, the learn makes an attempt to evaluate the growth name, changes in ownership structures, trade pattern, role of government etc. in automobile sector of selected Asiatic countries (viz. China, India, Indonesia and Thailand).The objective of the study is to understand the dynamics of Indian automobile sector in comp arison to the same sector in other selected Asian countries. Thailand is a major auto trade country from Asia. The sector is chiefly impelled by Japanese FDI. Chinese automobile sector is development very fast and is poised to make its dent in the internationalhand is consolidating its position with strong domestic and external demand. The Indonesian automotive industry is fundamentally an assembly industry, commandd by the major Japanese car manufacturers is also coming up in post-liberalization period and increasing its exports.Japan and Korea Rep already have developed automobile industry. Hence, comparison with these two countries may not be worthwhile. Selected four are developing countries and making an effort to develop the automobile sector through different paths. The paper will equalize the alternative strategies for the growth of automobile industry in these selected countries The production of automobiles in batch began in the early 1890s, in western europium. The USA started the production of both galvanizing and gas automobiles by 1896. In 1903, Ford stepped in.The price of cars reduced from USD 850 in 1908 to USD 360 in 1916. The great depression and the sphere Wars proverb a drop in sale but the 1950s and 1960s were the brainy era for automobiles (driven by Ford, GM and Chrysler). yield reached 11 million units in 1970. intentness specialists indicate that international business in the automobile industry dates back to the technology transfer of Ford Motor beau mondes mass-production model from the U. S. to Western europium and Japan following both World Wars I and II. This gives rise to two important paths.The first one is that, the advancements in industrial enterprise led to significant increase in the growth and production of the Japanese and German automotive markets. The second important trend was that due to the crude embargo from 1973 to 1974, the export of fuel efficient cars from Japan to the U. S. primarily due to low fuel prices, US was producing muscle cars but after the oil price shocks US had to compete with Europe and Japan who succeeded in producing fuel efficient cars. For the first time, design, marketing, prices, customer satisfaction etc become important in the automobile market.By 1982, Japan became the world leader in US market. The potential growth opportunities led to global overcapacity in automobile industry. 1990s observed the merger and acquisition (M&A) and formation of strategic alliances to tackle this overcapacity problem. Increasing global trade also act as a major factor for rising growth in world mercenary distribution systems, which has also increased the global competition amongst the automobile manufacturers. Japanese automakers have instituted innovative production methods by modifying the U. S. manufacturing model.They are also capableof adapting and utilizing technology to enhance production and increase product competition. There are three major trends of world automotive industry, which are discussed briefly bellow world(prenominal) Market Dynamics The worlds leading automobile manufacturers continue to invest into production facilities in emerging markets in order to reduce production costs and therefore rise in profits. These emerging markets include Latin America, China, Malaysia and other markets in southwestwardeast Asia. Establishment of Global Alliances Now-a-days, there is trend of joint venture in global automotive industry.Most of the giant automobile manufacturers are merging with each others. The big three U. S. automakers (GM, Ford and Chrysler) have merged with, and in some cases realized commercial strategic partnerships with other European and Japanese automobile manufacturers. The Chrysler Daimler-Benz merger, were initiated by the European automaker in order to uphold its position in the U. S. market. Overall, there has been a trend by the world automakers to exsert by merging with other giant automotive com panies in overseas markets*.Industry Consolidation Increasing global competition amongst the global manufacturers and positioning within foreign markets has divided the worlds automakers into three hosts, the first group being GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen, and the two remaining group manufacturers attempting to consolidate or merge with other lower group automakers to compete with the first group companies. Diagram1 provides a snapshot view of this. World automotive industry, in its early stages of development, was concentrated mainly in hands of developed countries like U.S. , Japan etc. But as automobile industry become more and more standardized, the production base of most of auto-giant companies was shifted from the developed countries to developing countries. Standardization makes production more profitable in developing countries due to low cost of labor. Thats why countries like Thailand, China today are the main production base for many multinational automobile companies, and that explain why this study is concentrated only on selected countries in Asia.Table 1 below compares basic features of automobile industry in three major markets in the world. Table 1 Comparison of prefatorial Features in Three Major Automobile Market Characteristics US Market European Market East and South East AsianMarket Contribution to Motor vehicle The automotive industry represents In Japan industry represents 13 % Economy Organisational andtechnological changeis the keycharacteristics of theUS industry. Of late,steps are interpreted toincrease its globalpresence byexpanding globalalliances and seekinggreater collaborationwith other U.S. automakers. Productivity is morethan EU but less thanJapan. The European automotive market iscomprised of a concentrated andsophisticated global network, whichincludes joint-ventures,cooperatives, productions andassembly sites. standardized USA, overcapacity, intense competition andinvestment for technology aregeneral featur es. The industry isdriven by MNCs mainly located inWestern Europe. However, thegrowing production is noted in theCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland,Slovenia, Slovakia and Turkey. East Asian market is mainly drivenby Japanese FDI. apart(predicate) from this,state sponsored initiatives areobserved in Korea Rep. , China, etc. These countries are making attemptto develop indigenous auto-industrybase. Others are driven by MNCs. Profitability in the industry isrelatively more than EU Market piece of ground Ford, GM andChrysler makeupapproximately 76 %of U. S. passengervehicle production,while Japaneseautomakers, Toyota,Honda, Nissan,Mitsubishi, Subaru,Isuzu represents 18%, and Europeanautomakers, BMWand Mercedes(division of Daimler-Chrysler) make upnearly 2%. The EUs largest automotiveproducer is Germany estimated at30 % of EUs total production,followed by France at 19 % andSpain at 17 %, and the UnitedKingdom at 10 %The largest automakers producingmultiple brands, such as GeneralMotors, F ord, Daimler Chrysler,Volkswagen, Fiat and PeugeotCitroen. There are also independentautomakers, such as Porsche, BMWand Bertione. In Japan Toyota, Honda, Nissan,Mazda etc dominate the market.InKorea Rep, Hyundai acquired Kiaand Asia Motors in 1999, and sold10 % of its equity toDaimlerChrysler in 2000 Daewoopurchased 52 % equity in Ssanyongin 1998 and GM purchased 42 %equity of Daewoo and in 2000,French automaker Renaultpurchased Samsung Motors. InASEAN region, Toyota, Hyundai,Suzuki, GM are major players. Demand Pattern(Domestic andexport) The US producersmainly produce fordomestic market andto some extent forCanadian market. Canada is the largestmarket for U. S. vehicle exports withsubsidiaries of U. S. automakersaccounting for mostof the imports. TheUS big Threecontinues to invest inCanadian market. Consumer demand is the drivingforce for industry in EU. Moremodels, shorter life-cycle is the keyof demand pattern which is similar toUSA. New EU members show anincreasing demand an d manyCompanies shifting some of theirproduction base to these countries. EU is gaining through export highvalue run such as design andengineering. Europes bus and truck market isstronger than Asia dominated byplayers like Volvo, Scania andMercedes. Asian market is growing relativelyslowly but steadily in post-financialcrisis period. Asias three coremarkets are Japan, Korea andChina. South East Asian marketsare also growing rapidly.Thecompound average growth rate inASEAN countries is expected to bein the order of 10 to 20 shareage until2010 10 percent in India and only4 percent to 8 percent in mainland ChinaKorea or Taiwan ,China. In 2010,Japans demand will be or so 1/3rdof total East and SE Asian demand. Korea, Thailand play major part inexporting vehicles. AFTA isexpected to increase the regional export market. Restructuring post of Automobile Industry in 2000 economics of Automobile Industry Todays global automotive industry is salutary of opportunities and risks whi ch are everywhere in emerging and mature markets alike.However, profitable growth is change state more difficult to achieve due to challenges prevailed from the supply chain to the retail environment. Currently, the automotive industry has too much of everything too much capacity, too many competitors and too much redundancy and overlap. The industry is in the grips of a global price-war. Production Today, the large car manufacturers has a production installing in the different markets and from each platform a car is produced for that market as well as for exports to other markets. striking players in automobile industry do not have just one big factory which exports its products to all other countries.In addition, the products are not uniform in each different market. It may have the same technical platform, but the design and the options and features differ between countries. They are different because the demands of customers differ between countries. For example, in South A merica, incomes are lower than in Western Europe and customers need more affordable cars. In the USA the customers want more space in the car, and thats an important factor for a car to be successful there. On the contrary, small cars are quite popular in India.It is not possible to be in the high volume market and to place the same cars to every market all over the world. So car makers are researching what their customers want and changing the car for each market otherwise they will groundless customers. More and more CKD (completely knocked down) cars are being produced for some countries in smaller volumes. That is often the case if there are barriers to exporting cars to particular countries, and they are only being sold in smaller volumes. With larger markets, where sales of particular models are high, companies really need their own plant which has its own suppliers of parts.Due to sharp competition and changing customer demand, product development process advances have been more significant than changes in product architecture. Product cycles continue to grow shorter as more companies adopt the coinciding engineering approach pioneered by Japanese automakers. At the same time, advances in Computer-Aided formula (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools are being used to replace physical prototypes and testing processes. Now, major players (in post M&A situation) take greater responsibility for product design and allow production base to get shifted to advantageous location for low cost.However, still due to lack of standardization, number of tiers at the supply chain is not reduced. Moreover, when design is replicated with modification for physical product development, several domestic issues need to be interpreted into consideration. These are mainly legal liability, and regulatory procedures. Furthermore, there is a technological move towards modules, i. e. self-contained functional units with standardized interfaces that can serve as buildi ng blocks for a variety of differen.