Online Shopping vs Traditional Shopping Essay

Shopping always has been associated with long, dragging lines, parking issues, and the hassle of driving around from store to store until we finally find what we need; but not anymore. Online shopping has given people the freedom to shop at home wearing only their pajamas and still get what they want. Although this might seem like the answer to prayers of many people, online shopping has its flaws as does traditional shopping. To facilitate this decision we have to see if online shopping can measure up to the purchasing power of traditional shopping. To do this we need to weigh both methods to see how they compare to one another. Online and traditional shopping offer choices to shoppers; knowing the risks and benefits of both alternatives is necessary for them to make a smart decision. Online Shopping: When it comes to online shopping the idea of shopping in the comfort of your own home is very appealing to most people. You also have the choice of browsing different sites to find what you need instead of wasting gas and time driving around different stores. Also, many people dread standing in long lines especially during the holiday season. Online shopping offers a retreat from these situations. Another good thing about online shopping is that things are easy to find online. You just type whatever it is your looking for on a search engine and you will get many suggestions of sites on the item. And perhaps the best feature of all is the price reduction offered by the online option. The reason for this is because taxes seem to be lower or nonexistent on some products in some states when shopping online. Online shopping also prevents consumers from walking around with a big wad of money that can be easily lost or stolen. The flaws of online shopping usually come between the reliability of the websites, the risk of identity theft, and the risk of credit card fraud committed by computer hackers. There is also a risk of running into a website that can infect your computer with various kinds of viruses. Reading online reviews about certain websites can sometimes help in this matter. Quality is sometimes an issue with online shopping because you don’t physically see or try out the product before you make the purchase. That is  a huge turn off for most people because research has shown that motor skills are very important when it comes to activities such as shopping and people just plain and simple want to see and test out what they are purchasing. For example, ladies want to test out the new perfumes but cannot do that through the computer. Sometimes there are certain items people like to try out and physically see what it looks like on them, but obviously they can’t do that online. Another disadvantage to online shopping is the fact that you have to wait to receive your item. So, if you are in a rush then you are out of luck. This probably means that grocery shopping online is not a good idea. Method of payment is another risk by itself. Usually credit cards are the preferred method but sometime you can use PayPal. But, it is risky to use credit cards online because you don’t know who is looking at your information. With that being said, it is probably a good idea to make sure you are using a good anti-virus program before going on a shopping spree online. Traditional Shopping: In traditional shopping you simply get in your car, drive to your favorite store (possibly with a friend with you) and buy what you want. It is an opportunity to socialize as well as having the excitement of being in a store with millions of products which you can see and try before you purchase. This method allows you to get the item right now without having to worry about the product being lost in the mail. Also, if you don’t like something or if something doesn’t fit you can just simply take it back to the store and get a refund or your money back instantly rather than waiting for the postal service. Conventional shopping has a certain vibe or electricity to it which is hard to experience from a computer. Traditional shopping sounds great; however it does have its issues. Some of the problems with traditional shopping include gas money spent driving around to different stores looking for what you want. Sometimes what we are looking for might be available in a store in a different state. And that makes it pretty impractical to obtain that item which leaves us to basically wait until it comes to our favorite store. Also, trying to find parking at big department stores and malls can be very troublesome. Some  people simply forget where they parked. Some people accidently lock the car keys in the car, or sometimes we have to deal with traffic jams that cause unnecessary stress. It is just the overall consumption of time and energy that most people find difficult. You will also experience a phenomenon known as shopping rage which is more common during the holidays. People get tired and frustrated during the holidays and let their frustration out on other people when shopping. It is very uncomfortable in those situations especially if you have your kids w ith you at the store while shopping. This is something you won’t have to deal with when you are safe at home on your computer. The online shopping industry is growing more and more and there is good reason to believe that this growth will continue. One major factor to this prediction is that people are in fact saving money online because of the vast availability of items and because of the competition this creates among online stores. Despite its advantages, online shopping is still a relatively new concept for most people and because of this online shopping will fall behind the traditional shopping market, at least for now. It is a personal preference when it comes to choosing the two different shopping methods. Just like anything else they have their pros and they have their cons. Just remember to shop the way you feel comfortable and you will automatically become a smart and knowledgeable shopper. Happy shopping!!!

A Proposal of Metrics for Botnet Detection based on its Cooperative Behavior

The primary contribution of the paper is the proposal of three metrics that can help identify the presence of botnets in a wide area network (WAN). The proposed metrics, namely relationship, response and synchronization are measured with respect to the traffic over a WAN. It is assumed that the behavior of botnets will recurrently exhibit these metrics. The authors define relationship as the connection that exists between the bots and bot master of a botnet over one protocol. This metric tries to detect the structure of a botnet’s relationship by analyzing the network traffic.It is observed that the response time to commands received by a legitimate host varies significantly while that of botnets is comparatively constant. The response time as a metric can thus help detect botnets. As the bots present in a botnet are programmed to carry out instructions from the bot master on a predetermined basis, it is assumed that their activities will synchronize. An analysis of the networ k traffic can possible help identify synchronized activity between hosts, thus detecting botnets.The metrics are evaluated by analyzing traffic measured in the Asian Internet Interconnection Initiatives (AIII) infrastructure over a period of 24 hours. The analysis validates the metrics proposed as a dense topology relationship, short range of response times and synchronization of activities are detected in the presence of a botnet. The authors propose that a combination of all the metrics be used for detecting a botnet. The design of an algorithm to detect botnets based on a combination of the three metrics has been identified as future work. Summary of â€Å"IRC Traffic Analysis for Botnet Detection†The paper addresses the problem of detecting botnets by modeling the behavior of botnets. The main idea of the paper is to analyze network traffic, model the behavior of botnets based on the analysis and use pattern recognition techniques to identify a particular behavior model a s belonging to a botnet. The proposed model for detecting botnets analyses traffic that uses the IRC protocol. A traffic sniffer is used to analyze packets in the promiscuous mode. The protocol detector detects traffic using the protocol of interest to the analysis, in this case IRC.The packets are decoded using the IRC decoder and the behavior models are built. The detection engine detects a botnet based on the behavior model. The features used to build a behavior model include features related to a linguistic analysis of the data that passes through an IRC channel in addition to the rate of activity in the channel. It is observed that the language used by bots has a limited vocabulary and uses many punctuation marks. The language used by humans is observed to have a wider mean and variance with respect to the words used in a sentence. The features used to model the behavior of botnets hare listed.The experiments have been conducted with clean data collected from chat rooms and bot net data collected at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Pattern recognition is performed using support vector machines (SVMs) and J48 decision trees and the results are reported in terms of confusion matrices. Though the botnets are detected using the above methods, the authors report that a further analysis of the data is necessary. Unsupervised testing of the model and expansion of the model for adaptation to other scenarios is proposed as future work. Summary of â€Å"The Automatic Discovery, Identification and Measurement of Botnets†The paper proposes a technique for identifying and measuring the botnets used to deliver malicious email such as spam. The implementation and performance of the proposed technique has been presented. The authors are of the opinion that the existing methods for detecting botnets used to send spam use significant amount of resources and are often applicable only after a botnet has been operational over a period of time. The authors propose a passive method for identifying botnets by classifying the email content. The headers present in the emails are used to group the mails.The authors assume that a botnet has a central center for control and that the same program is used by a botnet for creating and sending spam emails. Based on these the authors propose to classify emails by a passive analysis of the header content present in them. The Plato algorithm is proposed to identify the sender and the program used to send the email. The performance of the Plato algorithm is analyzed based on the following factors: clustering, durability, isolation and conflicts. The analysis is performed on a sample data containing 2. 3 million emails. In the dataset 96% emails are identified as having a probability of being spam.The algorithm is observed to successfully reflect the features associated with spam email. It helps group the emails based on the characteristics of the sender and the sending program. This grouping of emails can hel p identify a botnet and thus enable the membership and size of the botnet. The authors propose that the algorithm can be further used for classifying bulk emails, to understand the relationship between spam and viruses and as a replacement for spam filters using statistical methods. Summary of â€Å"Towards Practical Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Network-Centric Attacks†The paper proposes a network-centric framework based on an awareness of risk to help detect attacks from a botnet and prevent these attacks. The authors state that the bots follow certain network traffic patterns and these patterns can be used to identify a bot. The proposed framework consists of three main components, namely bot detection, bot characteristics and bot risks. The first component, bot detection, is used to detect known and unknown bots that try to penetrate the system. A honeypot based malware collection system component is used to attract bots to the honeypot and thus help detect bots. After the bots have been detected the characteristics of the bots are analyzed. The behavior of bots and their characteristics are identified by analyzing known malware, network traffic patterns and detecting the existence of any correlation between various instances of a malware. Various components are used to perform each of the tasks involved in bot characterization. To determine the risks posed by bots, the vulnerabilities present in the existing system are identified. The risk posed by a host with certain characteristics is calculated based on the vulnerabilities associated with the system. Thus the risk factor can be modified on demand.A combination of the identified characteristics and the associated risks is evaluated when a decision regarding the blocking of traffic is made. The authors present results that demonstrate the ability of the proposed framework to detect different types of bots. The feasibility of the proposed framework has been demonstrated. Enhancing of the co rrelation system and integration of the risk aware system with the architecture are proposed as future work. Summary of â€Å"Wide-Scale Botnet Detection and Characterization† The paper proposes a methodology based on passive analysis of the traffic flow data to detect and characterize botnets.A scalable algorithm that gives information about controllers of botnets is proposed based on analysis of data from the transport layer. Four steps have been identified in the process of detecting botnet controllers. Suspicious behavior of hosts is identified and the conversations pertaining to this host are isolated for further evaluation. These are identified as suspected bots. Based on the records of suspected bots, the records that possible represent connections with a controller are isolated. This is referred to as candidate controller conversations in the paper.These candidate controller conversations are further analyzed to identify suspected controllers of botnets. The analysis is based on calculating the following: the number of unique suspected bots, distance between model traffic and the remote server ports, heuristics that gives a score for candidates that are possible bot controllers. The suspected controllers are validated in three possible ways: correlation with other available data sources, coordination with a customer for validation and validation of domain names associated with services (Karasaridis, Rexroad, & Hoeflin, 2007).The botnets are classified based on their characteristics using a similarity function. An algorithm is proposed for the same. The authors report the discovery of a large number of botnet controllers on using the proposed system. A false positive of less than 2% is reported based on correlation of the detected controllers with other sources. Also the proposed algorithm is reported to successfully identify and malicious bots. The future work is identified as the need to expand the algorithm for other protocols and analysis of the evolution of botnets.References Akiyama, M. , Kawamoto, T. , Shimamura, M. , Yokoyama, T. , Kadobayashi Y. , & Yamaguchi, S. (2007). A proposal of metrics for botnet detection based on its cooperative behavior. Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet Workshops. 82-85. Castle, I. , & Buckley, E. (2008). The automatic discovery, identification and measurement of botnets. Proceedings of Second International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies. 127-132. Karasaridis, A. , Rexroad, B., & Hoeflin, D. (2007). Wide-scale botnet detection and characterization. Proceedings of the First Conference on First Workshop on Hot Topics in Understanding Botnets. 7-14. Mazzariello, C. (2008). IRC traffic analysis for botnet detection. Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Information Assurance and Security. 318-323. Paxton, N. , Ahn, G-J. , Chu, B. (2007). Towards practical framework for collecting and analyzing n etwork-centric attacks. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration. 73-78.

Auditor Independence Revisited

1. The main rationale of an audit is to offer company shareholders with a proficient, self-sufficient view regarding if the yearly accounts of the corporation reveal a correct and reasonable view of the fiscal situation of the corporation and if they can be trusted. Independence is the major way through which an auditor shows that he can carry out his job in an objective way (Reynold, Deis, and Francis, 2014).   The auditor has to be independent from the customer corporation, in order that the audit estimation will not be persuaded by any link among them (Umar and Anandarajan, 2014). The necessity for independence comes up because in a lot of cases consumers of financial reports and different third parties do not have adequate details or understanding to know what is enclosed in a company’s yearly reports. Therefore, they trust the auditor’s independent review (Gul, Jaggi and Krishnan, 2010). By Sally becoming the CFO, she can influence the opinion of auditors on whether the financial reports of the corporation are properly made or not. As Sally hosted the dinner, there has been non-appearance of independent acts. It is necessary that the auditor not only performs independently, however appears independent also. In case an auditor is actually independent, however one or additional aspects propose otherwise, this could possibly bring about the ending that the audit report does not signify an accurate and reasonable analysis. Independence in appearances will lessen the chance for an auditor to proceed otherwise than independently, which finally attaches trustworthiness to the audit report (Paterson and Valencia, 2011). 2 . Since Sally has taken the post of Financial Controller in this year at Madeira 3 of the threats, are: Anandarajan, A., Kleinman, G. and Palmon, D. (2008). Auditor independence revisited: The effects of SOX on auditor independence. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 5(2), pp.112-125. Blay, A. and Geiger, M. (2012). Auditor Fees and Auditor Independence: Evidence from Going Concern Reporting Decisions*. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(2), pp.579-606. Gul, F., Jaggi, B.L. and Krishnan, G.V. (2010). Auditor independence: evidence on the joint effects of auditor tenure and nonaudit fees. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 26 (2), 117–142. Paterson, J.S. and Valencia, A. (2011). The effects of recurring and nonrecurring tax, audit-related, and other nonaudit services on auditor independence. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28 (5), 1510-1536. Reynold, J.K., Deis, D.R. and Francis, J.R. (2014). Professional service fees and auditor objectivity. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23 (1), 29–52. Umar, A. and Anandarajan, A. (2014). Dimensions of pressures faced by auditors and its impact on auditors’ independence. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19 (1), 99-116.

The Jaguar Land Rover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Jaguar Land Rover - Essay Example The company has been able to market its brands through various avenues which include the Jaguar Heritage Museum which was established in 1998. The museum has served as a platform for promoting the brands at home. Competition from other players in the industry such as the BMW brands has always revolutionized the market trend. This has led to more innovative brands aimed at putting the organization at the top (SHAPIRA, 2002). The recent urge to manufacture the electric car is motivated by the rivals’ move to manufacture the stylish and modern car. In line with this, the company needs to open up new supply chains, since the existent ones may not serve the desired interests of the new car. The electric car is a new innovation that has not been understood by most of the consumers and this implies that new supply chains and relative management designed to fit the interests of this category of consumers needs to be created (SIMS, 2004). The process of opening the new supply chains is intensive and needs deep considerations of the internal suppliers in term of cost, competence, efficiency and extent of expanding the current market niche (SHAPIRA, 2002). Consideration of these factors it implies that, a due process of decision making should be followed to ensure the right choices are made. It is imperative to note that, the process of selecting the suppliers from across the internal arena is a complex activity which if done wrongly may lead to the fall of the organization in terms of meeting the market demands and expanding the market niche.

Information technology and society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information technology and society - Assignment Example The society needs to care more on this issue because; through education people promote their social status and it also influences the way of life of individuals. Besides this, education provides access to such items as employment opportunities and thus improves the way of living of people. It is an important issue to focus on because knowledge gained through education can be applied in various fields such as health, information technology and in technical skills (Petersen, 2002). The application of information technology in the education is important so as to obtain current knowledge and improve access to many people across the globe. The name of the database is African Journals Online (AJOL) which provides access to African scholarly research online and is a non-profit making organization based in South Africa. The publisher that maintains this database is the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publication (INASP) supported by Google. The staffs in AJOL maintains this database using digitalized full texts and capable software such as Linux as an operating system, Apache and PHP for scripting. The database is freely accessible and provides a user front-end where those using can browse and access the contents of the database online. It also has an administrative end where the staff, journal publishers and editors can log in and manage the contents of the database. In March 2004, AJOL re-launched a data system that was more sophisticated to increase the functionality of site and to ensure compatibility. This included the indexing of all journal content listed with AJOL through Open Archives Initiative, OAI search engines. Basically, information and knowledge products that are indexed include journals article so as to make them available to a greater audience and increase their visibility among the research community. An option for limiting

Practical proposal about ATM fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practical proposal about ATM fraud - Essay Example Smart phones can be used to make withdrawals and payments in retail stores instead of credit cards. This will protect the PIN numbers and other personal information. According to Abagnale, the use of smart phones will not apply universally as this will require one to become an expert of some electronic gadget, a task that is not so easy. However, technology is just part of the inevitable change that happens as we become more civilized. The same way people got training on computers, is the same way they can get training on use of these efficient gadgets (Abagnale, 108). The investment is actually worthwhile for varied reasons. First, it is impossible to record the PIN as done on an ATM. Secondly; the same smart phone can be used to keep track of one’s expenses as it records when and where the transaction was made. This information can also be accessed through emails. Also, some of these gadgets are so advanced that they also utilize the use of genes and fingerprints. A good example in this case is the use of gene coding in most bank vaults which has proved to be safer over the

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

International trade - Essay Example Tariffs and quotas allow domestic industry to reap more profits than it would do under free trade. Pertinently tariffs and quotas are fairly transparent, when compared to other forms of trade interventions (Kenen, 2000: 177). However, loss to the economy and society from the protection of tariffs and quotas is higher as the loss to the consumers exceeds the gain of the producer. According to the US Department of Labor, protectionism destroys eight jobs in general economy for every one saved in the protected economy (Miller and Elwood, 1998). Free trade, on the other hand, encourages nations to manufacture only those commodities in which they have specialization thus creating more and better job opportunities. Cross-national trade, thus, makes the rates of goods more competitive and allows goods to be shipped and traded internationally. Tariffs and quotas decrease the choice of goods for the consumers and raise the cost of doing business. Trade protectionism impedes economic growth, a nd its costs are far higher than its benefits. Apparent similarities apart, there are major conceptual and practical differences between quotas and tariffs. There is a general non-equivalence between tariffs and quotas. Quotas restrict the import of commodities, into the home country, in a given period of time. Through a quota, a country directly decreases the import of goods. It is a protectionist regime employed to benefit a few importers, and producers, of a particular commodity. Quota can also be referred to as the quantitative restriction on the import of goods. Kenen (2000:176) argues that quotas also provide an absolute limitation on the volume of imports. There can be a total ban of import of quantities exceeding the quota or they can be subject to a high duty rate. Transparency in the quota system is far less than that in tariff system. Normally, quotas are allocated without any

My plan for self fulfillment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My plan for self fulfillment - Assignment Example I consider this my ideal self, for this is what I aspire to do or what I think’ I should’ do. Similarly my self-fulfillment would be in succeeding in my said goal. Therefore, it is imperative for me to take appropriate steps in order to achieve my goal which would lead to my ‘Self-fulfillment’ and the achievement of’ Ideal-self’. In order to succeed in my education I must allocate appropriate timings to devote myself for study. It would be possible by realizing that my studies are more important than play or any other indulgences. At the same time I must also realize what my responsibilities at home are. This can be fulfilled by contributing to my household chores equally and enthusiastically and lending hands to parents and family members in daily activities. Thirdly, in order for me to succeed in my professional life, I must be sincere and dedicated in my work and must contribute to the society effectively with my job. Ultimately to balance all of these three aspects of my life I must know how much time and effort to allocate for which role. Therefore, if I succeed in achieving this balance in life, I fulfill the concepts of ‘self-fulfillment’ and

3G Communications System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3G Communications System - Essay Example EV-DO, WCDMA, HSDPA, GPRS and EDGE are the major technologies in use, allthough GPRS and EDGE are often called 2.5G because of their lower speeds.3G systems were introduced in Europe in March 2003 and later moved to the UK and Italian markets. According to a study by strategy analytics published on their website, by the end of 2006, approximately 167 million people worldwide will be customers of 3G networks. This implies that there is vast potential for growth. With the invention of the 3G network, users have been provided with an opportunity to upgrade their existing services and avail of superior services and high transfers in voice and data.The 3G communications system was developed in the Asian region with Japan in the forefront of innovation. The Japanese introduced this system in their country and is vey popular. The upgrading of systems began in 1999 and is expected to continue till 2010. As of reports published in June 2007, 6.7 per cent of the total worldwide users are 3G us ers.Predominant countries that have a large share among their users are Japan and Korea. Fifty per cent of the users in these countries subscribers in Italy are 3G users and UK, Austria and Singapore's 3G market base is made up of 20 per cent of it's consumers.The objective of this research is to elucidate the problems and opportunities in the 3G Global market. Upon identification of these problems and opportunities, we can suggest necessary or adequate measures to solve the problems. The data involved in the research will be secondary, collected from publications and papers of various independent market research agencies. After studying the data and interpretations, the research will bring out answers on what can be done to solve the problems and make avail of the opportunities. Opportunities and threats to the 3G market. The 3G service has gone through various stages of migration passing through various stages of service integration and unification. These stages have revealed various opportunities and threats faced by the 3G market. Threats faced by the 3G operators: 1. Lack of robust service strategies - Early 3G launches lack robust service strategies, diverse approaches had been applied but failed to capture the attention of the consumers due to the arising problems. 2. High Cost of Licenses - Governments around the world charged expensive license fees to 3G operators. Not only were the fees exhorbitant, but also subject to Government bids and auctions. 3. High Installation and Operating Costs - The technology costs for running a 3G network is very high. 3G operates on a different frequency from 2G and mobile operators must build new networks for 3G. This setup involves heavy capital expenditure and thus overheads of operating a 3G system are very high. 4. Lack of Coverage in many areas - 3G being a new service is still in the developmental stages, therefore there is a lack of coverage in many areas. 5. Burden on the Customer - 3G involves a higher cost of operating and maintenance, the handsets are relatively expensive to purchase thereby burdening the consumer and affecting sales ultimately. This is the main reason that led to the shutdown of Vodafone KK (the Japanese subsidiary of Vodafone). Consumers in Japan were used to using smaller handsets and the consumers in Europe demanded bigger handsets to meet their requirements. So Vodafone started to market bigger handsets to

Globalization, as the world has experienced it since the 1970s, has Assignment

Globalization, as the world has experienced it since the 1970s, has been rooted in neoliberal policy. Discuss alternative frame - Assignment Example As Jessop notes, neoliberal doctrine emerged as a dominant ideological force due to the convergence of progressive trends of economic internationalization, the apparent failure of Keynesian welfare state, East Asian developmentalism and Soviet model of central planning; and the emergence of new social forces brought about by the former developments (Jessop 105). The neoliberal theorists seem to proceed from the same assumptions that social liberals take for granted; they proclaim their commitment to a basic right of individual autonomy and assert that the basis of modern society should consist of wide variety of voluntary associations independent from the state control. Nevertheless, neoliberals take the common idea of all liberal thinkers about the necessity of expansion of market economy (Jessop 106) to its extreme limits, arguing that all social relations should be evaluated from the point of their compatibility with the freedom of market transactions. This includes an emphasis on deregulation of the financial markets both in domestic and international spheres; the ideological commitment to the curtailment of state intervention in the capitalist market economy; the introduction of the principle of market efficiency into the sphere of public welfare; and the commitment for the privatization of public enterprises and services (Jessop 107). The cities and city regions are especially affected by the neoliberal project of globalization. The dramatic restructuring of urban communities that began in the 1970s to 1980s led to the increasing marginalization of the relatively numerous swathes of the urban population caused by the drastic rise in unemployment (Swyngedouw, Moulaert, and Rodriguez

Forever Free

Forever Free Exhibit Essay Forever Free, an exhibit held at the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California and inspired by Mr. Abraham Lincoln’s promotion and assertion of Emancipation Proclamation, is much related to the written account of Frederick Douglass’ â€Å"narrative of his life as an American black slave† with special regards and attention to its both focus and objectives. Body At the Forever Free exhibit, the implicit objective was to stimulate ambiance of America’s bludgeoning, sadistic, and historical past. For the visitors to commemorate the beginning of the â€Å"anti-black slavery,† Mr. Abraham Lincoln distinguished and proclaimed the pressing need for the aforementioned act, Emancipation Proclamation to denounce and suppress the proliferating Black slavery. Moreover, the exhibit included several sentimental stuffs like: letters made and signed by Mr. Abraham, and the contents of his proclaimed act, the handkerchief signed and belonging to Lincoln’s wife, Ms. Mary Lincoln, and some photographs taken depicting the long time slavery in America. Inspired by Lincoln’s provision of welfare among the Blacks, the theme of the exhibit was carried out successfully (Giller, 2008). On the other hand, the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave,† tackled the same insatiable thirst for freedom against the injustice, discrimination, and evil acts suffered by the Black Americans (Douglass, 1997). Conclusion The Forever Free exhibit rendering commemoration to Abraham Lincoln’s pursuit for the liberation of the slaves (Giller, 2008), together with the striking and overwhelming account of Frederick Douglass’ personal traumatic experience of the unjust slavery, both presents the truth of the need for liberation, love, and respect for all human race as everyone is a son of one Divine (Douglass, 1997). References Douglass, F. (1997). Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from, http://sunsite. berkeley. edu/Literature/Douglass/Autobiography/01. html Giller, M. (2008). Forever free-Abraham Lincoln and the emancipation proclamation. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www. reaganlibrary. com/pressrelease. asp? press_id=135

Educational Program on Tobacco Abuse and Addiction Essay Example for Free

Educational Program on Tobacco Abuse and Addiction Essay Tobacco is a farming produce that is used for smoking through the form of a cigarette. It normally contains nicotine as well as harmane. Tobacco causes so many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and lung diseases. Generally tobacco is smoked, sucked, chewed and snuffed. They contain a very high addictive psychoactive ingredient called nicotine. Tobacco is even worse compared to other drugs. Nicotine is also a very addictive substance clearly known by man and it is very strong and acts very fast. Nicotine is a drug which has many different effects within the body and it stimulates one’s system, even if it makes one feel more relaxed. Nicotine also affects the chemicals in the brain and immediately after the puff one begins to feel high for a second and that is the reason why so many smokers look at smoking as stress relief since they are under pressure. Nevertheless, the program is designed purposely to motivate and educate teenagers and young adults between ages 23-30 the major effects one experiences after tobacco abuse. The program will address the effects of tobacco abuse and it is aimed at increasing the adult’s knowledge of the major effects of tobacco use. The adults between 23 years and 30 years will experience so many activities that will permit them to keep away from using tobacco. During the presentation, all the aforementioned adults will be able to know the effects of nicotine and alcohol cancer being one of them. On the other hand, nicotine tends to cause short-term chances of high blood pressure, heart rate, as well as the flow of the blood right from the heart. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that the blood carries. The long term effects of smoking causes persistent lung disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke, with cancer of the larynx, lungs, mouth, esophagus and bladder. It goes ahead and forms cancer, cervix and the kidneys. The educational program is going to address all this effects of tobacco such that all the adults will be aware and stop taking tobacco.

Benefits For Children When Individual Needs Are Met

Benefits For Children When Individual Needs Are Met Rohan Dawson All Children are individual, having different interests and learning in different ways. As practitioners, we must recognise this and adapt so that children become happy and confident individuals who are willing to learn. Just as we all have our own unique fingerprint; we also have our own unique personality and needs. The ‘Development Matters in the Early Years Foundation Stage Document’ shows that although there is an expected development range, because all children are unique, expected development ages often overlap. The sequence of development shows that children will develop skills in a particular order learns to walk before they can jump, but because the rate of development is different in every child, some children will learn skills earlier than others. It’s impossible to say that by a certain age all children will meet certain criteria. We need to assess and understand each individual child. Factors affecting development may include:- Family background – children have different levels of interaction, opportunities and experiences. Illness – long stays in hospital may affect social skills. Disability – needing 1-1 support or special equipment to carry out certain activities. The ‘Phillipines Multigrade Teachers Handbook’ found on the Unicef.org website defines the need of children †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœChildren are unique – no two are the same. They must be understood by their parents and teachers in their uniqueness and their individuality must be respected.’ From the planning we do, each child will benefit in their own way from these activities. Planning an activity where all children must take part at the same level will only deter children from learning – it may be too difficult for some or too easy for others and neither child will enjoy taking part. A three year old who doesn’t sit still will not learn if the game or activity is too long and they are expected to sit and listen for long periods of time. Instead, by getting to know the children and planning activities which are relevant, it will keep them engaged and help them to achieve their next steps. As well as planning activities, we need to think about how we communicate and guide them through the activity. By asking questions dependent upon their learning needs, the outcome is they have all participated in the game and made steps towards their learning journey. e.g a number activity – recognising and naming number 1-5 Some children will be able to name some numbers. Others may be able to match a number. Children in the same group who already have this knowledge could be asked â€Å"can you find the number 1 more than/less than?† The outcome is they are all taking part and have a sense of achievement, but at their own level. Activities become meaningful to each child and in turn they become successful and willing learners. Within Early Years, children learn through play. A variety of activities must be on offer. Some children are very confident holding a pencil and drawing detailed pictures. Others may draw a picture resembling a scribble in a small tray of sand using their finger but will be able to tell you what it is. Both activities are important to that particular child. These children have had their needs met by being able to scribe their imagination in different ways and will have a sense of achievement so they can move onto the next stage. Although practitioners can plan most of the activities within the environment, it is important to listen to the children. What are they interested in? Can this be the next topic for the Nursery or something to make that day? Whichever it is, by listening to their interests they will feel valued and will learn from both your interaction and by other children joining in the play. Treating children as unique individuals and building up positive, caring relationships not only helps them to become willing learners, but also confident people throughout their lives. They will feel that they are being listened to and will be willing to have a go at tasks that are initially challenging. They will become sociable and have positive relationships with their peers. Describe How the Principles of Anti-Discriminatory Practice can be Applied in Practice Before we can practice an anti-discriminatory environment, we must understand what ‘discrimination’ means. The Oxford Dictionary states:- Discrimination make or see a distinction as a basis for unfair treatment. Whatever our personal points of view are, we must ensure they are not practiced within the Nursery environment and we work towards all children feeling safe and secure . Article 31 of the ‘United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child’ says All children have a right to relax, play and to join in a wide range of activities We must give all children the opportunity to be included in all activities whatever their race, religion, ability and gender. They should receive the support needed to reach their full potential, whether this is providing special equipment or receiving support to work towards the activity objective. In practice making all children feel welcome and valued can be done in a number of ways:- Greet all children coming into the environment in a warm and friendly manner. Use their names, making sure the pronunciation of their name is correct. Arrange the Nursery so that all areas are accessible to all the children. If a wheelchair is used, can the child manoeuvre themselves to access all the play and amenity areas? Respect allergy issues. When planning a baking/cooking activity, consider the ingredients being used to ensure those with allergies can still participate. Also think about practicalities at snack/lunch time. Arrange tables differently so that the risk of an allergic reaction occurring is minimalized. Make this the norm, even if the child is not there so that other children do not discriminate. Celebrate all cultural events, not just those of our own religion or religion of the school. Eg. Diwali or their own way of celebrating birthdays. These should not just be celebrated at the time the child is in Nursery but all the time. Parents coming into the practice are a good way to teach children about different religious events, bringing in costumes/food and talking about how they celebrate and what it means to them. Offering a wide range of toys and activities, encouraging both genders to participate. Don’t discriminate if a boy wants to dress in girls dressing up or a girl wants to play in what is primarily a boy’s activity area. All adults, whether staff or visitors should be good role models, behaving in a professional manner to all children. By carrying out all these practices, children and families from all walks of life will feel welcome, valued and respected, both inside the Nursery and within the school community. Children will build positive relationships. It will help to stamp out discrimination as children will learn to value and understand each other. Describe Why It Is Important to Plan Activities that meet the Individual Needs of Children As all children are unique, we must support each child to reach their learning goal. To do this we need to follow the ‘Observation, Planning, Assessment’ cycle. The first thing to do is plan activities to help us to assess the children. Having a general theme within the environment, with lots of activities around this theme helps us to understand where each child is now, in the different areas of development. Eg. The theme is ‘Humpty Dumpty’. The activities and their assessment outcomes might include:- Can they join in the rhyme? Or say the word at the end of each line? Colouring sheets – How do they hold the pencil and with how much control? Can they draw Humpty Dumpty on top of the wall? Cutting activities – cut around the brick or Humpty Dumpty to stick on the wall. Are they able to operate the scissors with good control? Can they build a wall using bricks? Can they name the shape of the bricks and Humpty. How many bricks did they use to build the wall? As well as having a planned theme to assess key areas, lots of play areas must be on offer eg. Water, sand, story and tinker table This helps us to observe the children in ‘free play.’ Which area do they spend a lot of time in? Do they move around Nursery independently or stay in one area? Do they play on their own or initiate play with others? How do they play with the toys? Because children are observed during free play, they do not know the assessment is taking place and do not worry about the outcome. By making observations in different ways we can assess their current knowledge, abilities and how they play. We can understand their stage of development in the different ‘Early Years areas.’ Personal, Social and Emotional Development Physical Development Communication and Language Literacy Mathematics Understanding the World Expressive Arts and Design Their ‘individual next steps’ can then be formed to help them develop new skills and achievements. As the cycle starts again, so does the planning. Activities can be planned, which can be adapted so they are relevant to each individual. Planning also ensures the right equipment is available so that all the children can take part. By playing with or leading an activity, we are helping the child to learn and meet their next stage of development. Continual observations and assessments are made, making sure they develop their learning and skills. Explain how the Practitioner can Promote Children’s Physical and Emotional Wellbeing within the Early Years Setting Within the early years setting, children need to feel safe and secure. For some, they may have not been away from Mum or Dad before and the initial experience can be traumatic. Parents also need to know that their child’s physical and emotional wellbeing is paramount to the practitioners. A number of strategies should be put in place:- Each child to have a key worker. The child will feel secure if they have a familiar adult they can play and communicate with. The Key worker will work 1-1 with the child introducing them to new activities and experiences, helping them to make choices, giving them encouragement and praise. A Keyworker is also important for the family, as this is often the first person they come into contact with and can share their child’s knowledge, interests and concerns. Helping children to understand their own feelings and those of others. Talking about why they are feeling how they are. Talking about the effect their own actions have on others. Giving space in the environment where children have the space to play with the toys and concentrate on activities. Be good role models to create a relaxed and happy atmosphere, where other children are also happy in their play. Encouraging children to take risks, which are appropriate for their age. With support children will try new experiences. Having rules and boundaries within Nursery. Children learn and feel safe when they understand that rules are in place and they understand the consequences if these are constantly not adhered to. Making sure all toys are safe and in good repair. Encourage physical play – playing outside, helping to tidy up, acting out nursery rhymes/songs. Eating healthily – Offering fruit and milk/water for snack. If we can take these things on board, each child will grow to feel safe and happy. ‘Supporting Every Child’ section of the ‘Every Child Matters’ Document states:- All children have the right to:- Stay Safe Be Healthy Enjoy and Achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well being By treating each child as an individual, they not only become successful learners who want to work hard and achieve, but they will also be confident in their relationships, with adults and their own peers. Whatever role they take, they will feel valued and their full potential will have been reached.

Cant Help Falling in Love :: Music Romance Elvis Presley Essays

Can't Help Falling in Love Wise men say only fools rush in/ but I can't help falling in love with you/ Shall I stay/ would it be a sin/If I can't help falling in love with you/ Like a river flows surely to the sea/ Darling so it goes/ some things are meant to be/ take my hand, take my whole life too/ for I can't help falling in love with you/ Like a river flows surely to the sea/ Darling so it goes/ some things are meant to be/ take my hand, take my whole life too/ for I can't help falling in love with you/ for I can't help falling in love with you –Elvis Presley (1) Elvis may have been wise before his time, because research has found out that you cannot "help falling in love". (1) Many recording artists sing about love and how you cannot help the way you feel about someone when you are in love. Many researchers have done studies to find out what happens within the brain when you are in love and the results are interesting. Before one can understand the emotion of love, one must look at emotions themselves and what they do within the brain. Emotions: Emotions are defined as "stereotypic patterns of the body, which are triggered by the central nervous system in response to distinct external environmental situations or to the recollection of memories related to such situations." (2) In other words, this means the emotions are the way the nervous system reacts to different situations one might find themselves in. In order to survive, emotional responses must be present. (2) "Whenever an emotion is triggered, a network of brain regions (traditionally referred to as the limbic system) generates a pattern of stereotypic outputs, which ultimately induce a biological response of the body." (2) These stereotypic outputs are what humans call emotions. They are predictable responses to certain situations, for instance when a person is in a sad situation, they will cry and feel depressed or if a person is in a happy situation, they will laugh and smile. These responses are because "specific circuits of the emotional motor system have ev olved to both generate this stereotypic emotional facial response, as well as instantaneously recognize it when it occurs in somebody else." (2) This holds true for people in love, when you see someone in love you can tell because their face tells all.

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace :: Workplace Harassment Essays

According to the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) the definition of sexual harassment is â€Å"Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual’s employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.† Regardless of position in company or type of candidate it is against the law to make passes or harass one because of their sex or gender. In order to harass a person it does not have to necessarily be physical contact but this regulation also includes any offensive verbal context that anyone may say towards a person’s sex and/or gender. Also, a lot of times sexual harassment is based on personal opinion, meaning what may come off as offensive to one person another may be fine with working. A good example is if a woman is wearing a blue dress and makes a random comment of saying â€Å"I really do love the color blue on women.† All depending how the woman wearing a blue dress perceives the comment will depend on whether or not she feel the person was looking at her and how the comment was said in her eyes. Sex and/ or Gender play absolutely no role in whether or not you can be sexually harassed any side of sexual harassment can be played by any sex and/or gender. A third party of someone that heard or saw the sexual harassment also has the right to file sexual harassment charges, so technically that person does not have to be involved in the situation directly. With sexual harassment there is a very gray area because unfortunately it does not allow teasing, general comments and minuet one on one problem. Harassment is so serious it is a criminal offense, but it also creates a terrible environment for productivity and plays a vital role many times in position movement in the company or organization. Sexual harassment is a form of sexual bigotry and is written into law with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. To be specific this title only extends to that employer of 15 or more workers and is included for everyone from federal governments to employment agencies. Sexual harassment cases are inspected by the EEOC on a case-by-case basis usually after the victim has told or made it obvious that the harasser should stop.

Amish :: essays research papers

The Amish the â€Å"Plain People† My article is on the Amish Community and their vague and simplified way of life. Most of my essay will emphasize the culture and tradition of the Amish. According to the Pennsylvania, Dutch Country Welcome Center, â€Å" The Amish are a religious group who live in the settlements in 22 states and in Ontario Canada. The oldest groups of old order Amish, about 16- to 18,000 live in Landcaster County PA. These people stress humility, family and separation from the rest of the world. The Amish are best known for their cultural simplicity such as riding horses and buggies as opposed to forbidden automobiles. They also shun electricity, by using fire lit lanterns, radio and any other modern electronics that will jeopardize delicate lifestyle. In this effort, their lives are quiet, slower, and religious to the unseen and unspoken media and scenery to foreign culture. However, instead the Amish get their messages across by telegram, daily journals, by foot or bicycle as opposed to telephones. They have worship in their homes as well as church. Amish are trilingual, Pennsylvania Dutch, they pray in German and are taught Standard English in school. However, regarding the issue of school, The Amish do not believe in school past the eight grade. For, the parents of these children are fearful that a full education will give these youths a more modern insight and that will have some temptation to explore the unseen other world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women and girls of this culture and religion will never have cut their hair, but wear it back in a bun. They wear plain fabric dresses reaching floor length, and wear a prayer in their hair indicating- white if married, black if single and no jewelry. As for the males and boys, dark colored suits, brim straw hats, long coats. They do not have mustaches and will grow beards after marriage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the Amish, religion, family, and community are empirical. The Amish start seeking out marital spouses by the age of 16 and most women are married by the age 20 or so. However, before a marriage can take its proper place, the couple must be joined in at a church, and must be baptized into the Amish faith at about age 17, having followed the written laws known as â€Å"ordnung.† When the couple has established marital plans, they must keep it a secret from their parents till the months of July or August.

Mrs. Macteer and Mrs. Breedlove Essay

Parental guidance and support are key components of the foundation of a child’s growth and development. Without either, a child cannot grow and develop properly. In her novel The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison examines the effect of different mothers on their respective children through the characters of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove. Throughout the novel, both characters express their thoughts and feelings through words, with Mrs. MacTeer having a few fussy soliloquies and Mrs. Breedlove having a few interior monologues to get their points across. Although Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove are two entirely different individuals, their respective fussy soliloquies and interior monologues greatly reflect one another. Giving to charity doesn’t always equate to getting something in return. In The Bluest Eye, Mrs. MacTeer takes in Pecola Breedlove for a bit. While Pecola is staying with the MacTeer family, she grows fixated with a Shirley Temple glass, using it every chance that she can. Subsequently, she ends up drinking a lot of the milk that Mrs. MacTeer has for the entire family. Mrs. MacTeer is not thrilled with this, as she rants, â€Å"Three quarts of milk. That’s what was in that icebox yesterday. Three whole quarts. Now they ain’t none. Not a drop. I don’t mind folks coming in and getting what they want, but three quarts of milk! What the devil does anybody need with three quarts of milk? † (Morrison 23). Initially, Mrs. MacTeer’s soliloquy seems reasonable. It seems as though she is simple a mother frustrated with the fact that her milk has been drank up and potentially wasted. However, there are hidden connotations in her speech. By rationalizing her own life situations through her fussing soliloquies and then singing, Mrs. MacTeer manages to isolate her children. They, particularly Claudia, view her singing as a demonstration of the pleasure Mrs. MacTeer takes in insulting others through her soliloquy. As Christine Spies writes in Vernacular Traditions: The Use of Music in the Novels of Toni Morrison, â€Å"the way in which the singing is described, the cathartic quality of the music becomes obvious, as for Mrs. MacTeer singing constitutes a cleansing ritual and establishes a validation of her self† (Spies 13). It is suggested that Mrs. MacTeer is unhappy with her everyday life, as well as with herself. She utilizes the soliloquies to rip apart others, a concept that is detrimental to those she fusses about, yet therapeutic to herself. Once she is satisfied with the degree in which she has ranted and raved, she begins to sing. Her songs are representative of the cleansing of herself through her rants and rambles, as well as a demonstration of her satisfaction and happiness with putting down others. Pauline Breedlove, Pecola’s mother, is fond of reflecting on the better days of her life. Oftentimes throughout The Bluest Eye, Mrs. Breedlove is found reminiscing on the days of her past, when she was a younger woman. In particular, at one point in the novel, Mrs. Breedlove reflects upon a time in which she was pregnant with her oldest child, Sammy. During this time in her life, she enjoyed going to the cinema by herself during the day. She would look at magazines and style her hair like the movie stars. To her, going to the cinema and admiring the glorious movie stars was an escape from her marriage and life with Cholly. For the length of the film, she could disappear into the movie and be amongst the stars. At one point, Mrs. Breedlove attended a film and her fantasies of blending in with the stars unraveled in front of her very eyes. She took a bite of a piece of candy, and one of her front teeth was pulled out by it, instantly altering her appearance forever. She reflected, â€Å"There I was, five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. Everything went then. Look like I just didn’t care no more after that. I let my hair go back, plaited it up, and settled down to just being ugly† (Morrison 123). Mrs. Breedlove tried to escape from the unhappiness of her own life by going to the cinema, and instead, the cinema caused her even more unhappiness. She simply gave up on ever feeling glamorous or happy, something that is only fueled by the growing unhappiness of her marriage. As she stated, â€Å"Cholly poked fun at me, and we started fighting again†¦He begin to make me madder than anything I knowed† (Morrison 123). As much as she tried, Mrs. Breedlove could no longer escape her unhappiness. It was simply escalated by the cinema. From the very beginning of Pecola’s life, her mother ingrains in her the idea that she is ugly—a concept that Mrs. Breedlove herself is viewed as due to her missing front tooth and her skin color. After her birth, she refers to Pecola as being â€Å"a right smart baby† but â€Å"a cross between a puppy and a dying man. But I knowed she was ugly. Head full of pretty hair, but Lord she was ugly† (Morrison 126). Mrs. Breedlove acknowledges that Pecola is a smart girl, but doesn’t view it as an impressive quality. Instead, she focuses on the fact that her daughter is unattractive. As Spies mentions, â€Å"even by her own mother, Pecola has been denied the slightest notion of being valuable or worthy of love† (Spies 15). By denying value and love to her daughter, Mrs. Breedlove is instilling in Pecola the same self-hatred that Cholly and society has instilled in herself. Mrs. Breedlove’s unhappiness is unquestionably the reason for Pecola’s own dissatisfaction and unhappiness. Although Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove are two entirely different individuals, their thoughts are eerily reminiscent of each other. Both complain about others, specifically complaining about Pecola. Mrs. MacTeer is frustrated with Pecola drinking up the milk, whereas Mrs. Breedlove is frustrated by her lack of beauty. Both women try to come off as â€Å"better† individuals than they actually are. Mrs. MacTeer rambles about Pecola and suggests that she is of a lower, varmint-like class. Mrs. Breedlove goes on about Pecola’s ugliness, when, in fact, she is not only perceived as but admittedly ugly herself. Both women are unsatisfied with their lives and places in society. They both wish to be glorious and of higher class, yet they cannot achieve these respect places due to outside factors—Mrs. MacTeer is a middle class woman, and Mrs. Breedlove is â€Å"ugly† and black. Both women enjoy prattling about their misfortunes and the misfortunes of others, yet they do so in entirely different ways. Contrarily, Mrs. Breedlove expresses herself silently through inner monologue. She is a soundless voice in society. Not only is she a black female, but she is poor and ugly as well. She could voice her opinions out loud, but she feels it is not worth it. Society rarely recognizes her presence, and when it does, it is quickly forgotten. When Mrs. Breedlove reflected on the birth of Pecola, she recalled being the only black woman in the maternity ward of the hospital. A doctor walked by to check on her with a team of residents who were learning how to be doctors, and he said that black women deliver babies like horses, quickly with no pain. Mrs. Breedlove recalls, â€Å"They never said nothing to me. Only one looked at me. Looked at my face, I mean. I looked right back at him. He dropped his eyes and turned red† (Morrison 125). The resident who looked at her is embarrassed to have acknowledged her, and he immediately tries to erase this moment of connection from existence. She is an isolated, lower class of her own in society due to not only the oppression of her individuality as a poor, ugly black woman and the reaction of society to her identities, but because she is also oppressed by her husband, Cholly. Although it is clear throughout the novel that Mrs. Breedlove fights back when it comes to arguments with her husband, she is not given a voice to do so. As Gibson states, â€Å"whatever authority Cholly possesses accrues not because it comes to him by nature, or because he is male, but because Morrison chooses to give it to him. She grants this black male a voice† (Gibson 169). Morrison does not allow Mrs. Breedlove to have a voice; rather, she allows Cholly to have one to further exploit the weaknesses and state of despair of his wife. She cannot voice her opinions out loud because she is not given the means to do so. Like Mrs. MacTeer, Mrs. Breedlove has an invisible audience. However, her audience is literally invisible—nobody listens to her thoughts but herself. She is not given a voice in society, so she feels she cannot do anything. To her, it is not worth it to try to express her thoughts to anyone but herself. By keeping to herself, she is only trapped in her unhappiness further. Undoubtedly, the thoughts and opinions of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye are essential to demonstrating the messages of societal oppression within the novel. Both women exhibit the concept of members of society being oppressed due to factors they cannot change, such as gender, level of wealth, race, beauty, or even lost dreams. Mrs. MacTeer’s fussing soliloquies reach out to an invisible audience of her children and Pecola, explicitly discussing her unhappiness with her own role in society, as well as the hierarchical roles in society and her daily life. Additionally, Mrs. Breedlove’s silent interior monologues allow readers to see the result of silence within society. Her monologues also allow readers to see the effect of giving up on one’s own happiness and dreams in life. Together, the voices of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove inevitably come together to convey the effect of societal oppression within the novel. Without their respective fussing soliloquies and interior monologues, the meaning of the novel would be lost within the pages. The thoughts and opinions of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs.

Automobile in Bangladesh Essay

International University Of Bussines Agriculture And Technology. Abstuct rail simple rail railroad machine is the single tourered placement of engineering. Now-a-days the look at of dragoon railroad motorcar intersection is uphill high. precisely railcar is non essential a good deal periods and it is so r atomic human activity 18 for our Bangladeshi pile. Bangladesh is underdeveloped country unless here car result is not available. And the elevator car proceeds price is high for rent annoy from this riddle we shed to call downth. our gondola slope here,I disscuss about problem of developing carmobile, tell a damp al-Quran impinge on, IntroductionAn railroad car, autocar, motor car or car is a wheel motor vehicle procedured for transportin passengers, which the resemblingwise carries its bear engine or motor. roughly definitions of the term specify that locomotes be public figureed to run primarily on roads, to pass water seating for one to eight people, to typic whole(prenominal)y welcome quaternion wheels, and to be constructed chiefly for the transport of people rather than impregnables. 3 The division 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern railcar with the Benz Patent-push backwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz. equip wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, especially after fightds locomotes became inexpensive for many people when the carrefour form T was introduced in 1908. The term automobile has formerly withal been utilise in the context of electrified rail organizations to denote a car which functions as a nice locomotive hardly alike provides darkice for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often employ on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.4 An automobile syllabus is a divided set of common radiation pattern, engineering, and output signal causes, as well as major(ip) components over a digit of outwardly distinct toughies and even types of automobiles, often from various, alone when return marques. 2 It is practiced in the self-propelled attention to reduce the appeals associated with the suppuration of products by basing those products on a fineer fol pitiful of curriculums. This further allows companies to create distinct models from a origination perspective on quasi(prenominal) underpinnings. 2 EtymologyThe record book automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word (autos, ego) and the Latin mobilis (movable) meaning a vehicle that moves itself. The loanword was first pick out in English by The modernistic York Times in 1899. 7 The alternative summon car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (whee lead vehicle), or the Middle English word carre ( force) (from Old North French), in snatch these argon verbalize to pick up originated from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot). 89 Description Definition an d benefitschopine communion is a product knowledge method where different products and the brand attach apportion the said(prenominal) components. The purpose with chopine sharing is to reduce the cost and come a to a greater fulfilment efficacious product victimization work at. 4 The companies gain on contract back procurement cost by victorious advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this withal limits their efficiency to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the plain uniqueness of the product. The companies expect to get in a trade-off betwixt reducing their phylogeny be and the degree of differentiation of the products.3 A staple fiber definition of a broadcast in automobiles, from a technical render of view, get h senescent ofs underbody and suspensions (with axles) where the underbody is do of face floor, underfloor, engine com elementment and frame (reinforcement of underbody). 5 Key robotlike components that d efine an automobile broadcast allow * The floorpa, which serves as a foundation for the mannequin and opposite structural and mechanical components * sc atomic number 18crow and rear axles and the distance between them wheel foot * point mechanism and type of power steering.* eccentric of calculate and rear suspensions * Placement and election of engine and separate powertrain components * Ford Ka * parliamentary procedure Panda * society 500 * gild Uno Vehicle broadcast-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing engineering enables auto capturers to sharply reduce product knowledge and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. 6 Many vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture.The judgment of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to somatogenetic components. 7 The use of a platform system prov ides several(prenominal) benefits5 * Greater flexibility between whole caboodles (the possibility of transferring toil from one plant to other payable to standardization), * Cost lessening achieved by means of using resources on a spheric scale, * Increased use of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the emergence of differences), and * Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis.The automobile platform dodging has perish strategic in mod product development and in the mutation process. 8 The finished products have to be responsive to grocery needs and to demonstrate oddment while at the self akin(prenominal) time they must be developed and produced at low cost. 5 Adopting such(prenominal) a strategy affects the development process and also has an historic impact on an auto pull backrs organizational structure.5 A platform strategy also produces advantages for the sphericalization process of au tomobile firms. 9 Because the majority of time and money by an automaker is spent on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords forcers the ability to tell apart costs on research and development by spreading the cost of the R&D over several product lines. Manufacturers atomic number 18 and so able to offer products at a trim back cost to consumers. Additionally, economies of scale ar increased, as is throw on coronation. 210 Examples.Originally, a platform was a literally shargond chassis from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the Citroen 2CV platform chassis used by the Citroen Ami and Citroen Dyane, and Volkswagen mallet frame under the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia. Platform sharing has been a common practice since the sixties when GM used the same platform in the development of the Pontiac LeMans, the Buick Skylark, the Chev typet Chevelle, and Oldsmobile Cutlass. In the 1980s, Chryslers K-cars all wore a badge with the letter, K, to indicate th eir shared platform.In after stages, the K platform was prolonged in wheel infrastructure, as well as use for several of the Corporations different models. Fiat Croma Cadillac BLS Opel Vectra C GM used alike strategies with its J platform that de exactlyed in mid-1981 in four of GMs divisions. Subsequent to that, GM introduced its A bodies for the same four divisions using the same rate width/wheel sales booth of the X body platform, save with adultr body work to make the cars testm large, and with larger trunk compartments.They were frequent by means of the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a J body model called the Cimarron, a much gussied up version of the other four brands platform siblings. A similar strategy applied to what is know as the N-J-L platform, arguably the close prolific of GMs efforts on one platform. formerly more than, GMs four lower direct divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the ninetie s. 1986 Opel Ascona C 1988 Pontiac Sunbird 1988 Cadillac Cimarron Daewoo Espero. Nipponese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with Hondas Acura line, Nissans Infiniti brand, and Toyotas Lexus marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the Lexus ES is basically an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry. 11121314 After Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new-fashioned models including the Crossfire which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. 15 Other models that share platforms are the atomic number 63an Ford Focus, Mazda 3 and the Volvo S40.16 Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and calculate and rear fascias. Examples also involve differing engines and drivetrains. In nigh cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory, but the Lexus is tradeed with subvention coffee in the enfranchisements awardroom and reduced greens fees at Pebble B severally Golf Links as part of the higher-priced badge.17 Platform sharing whitethorn be less noticeable now, however, it is pacify very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily incorporate of under the skin components, and shared platforms suffer show up in preposterous places, like the Nissan FM platform-mates Nissan 350Z sports car and Infiniti FX SUV. Volkswagen A platform-mates like the Audi TT and Volkswagen Golf also share much of their mechanical components but seem visually only different. Volkswagen free radical and Toyota have both had much succeeder building many well secernate vehicles from many marques, from the same platforms.One of the least(prenominal) conspicuous recent examples is the stimulate innovator and Chevy SSR both use the GMT-360 platform. Opel Astra and Chevy HHR also share a platform yet are visually entirely different. sc ore One hundred years ago, the first shape T automobile was made. The exemplification T automobile was not the first car to be streng then(prenominal)ed, but it was the first widely affordable construct car. The first perplex T was built for sales event on October 1, 1908, at a price of about $850. Between 1908 and 1927, a total of 15 million Model Ts were sold.By the 1920s, half of all the cars in America were model Ts. The 1925 Model T touring car cost about $260 at a time when the average yformer(a) income in America was $1236. 1 In January 1906, Dr. C. C. Bachman purchased the first automobile to be own in Waterloo. His car was a 15 horsepower Pope that he purchased at the automobile show in spic-and-span York City. In July of that same year, H. I. Buttery purchased a 25 horsepower Pope capital of Connecticut automobile that he drove from siege of siege of Syracuse to Waterloo. 2 moves, however, had been seen in Waterloo and Seneca County before 1906. rear end E.Becke r in his A History of the crossroads of Waterloo states that The motorcar Review of August 13, 1904, gave an extended account of LaRoches 3,314 non-stop round-trip run between sore York City and St. Louis. Included in this account is this paragraph Between Syracuse and Rochester, at Seneca locomote I think it was, I got stuck in the mud and it took me quintette hours of hard work to dig the machine out and get started again. My hands are covered with blisters from the work This possibility is said to have happened unsloped west of the liquidation of Seneca Falls and illustrates one of the drawbacks to automobiling through the country. It was also reported just a few years later that the hamlet of Waterloo was known from coast to coast as having some of the worst routes over which automobiles had to pass in crossing the continent. 3 Beckers History also reports that seventy-six automobiles came through Waterloo on. Association, lotion a distance of 4135 miles in xvi days . The object of the race was to see which make of machines would last the longest and perform the beaver work as to endurance and belongings in repair. Becker reported that Main route was lined with sightseers who were well repaid for looking. It took the entire afternoon for the passage of the Cars through the closure. Late in the forenoon came the pilot cars and finely cut strips of paper (called confetti) were thrown from them to mark the route, which through the business section was on the randomness side of the street. at that place were about ccc passengers in the whole number, of whom fifteen were ladies. The latter(prenominal) wore the customary veiling, while the men were broadly speaking clad in long browned linen dusters with the regulation caps and goggles.4 fit in to a 1967 Reveille article scripted by June Callahan, what is instantly the Peter Koch car dealership at 221-229 Fall thoroughfare in Seneca Falls was the scene of the manufacture of the Iroquois a utomobile. The Iroquois fibre D car was a 35 horsepower touring car, with a deoxycytidine monophosphate inch wheelbase and was sold F. O. B. Seneca Falls for $2,500. The Iroquois Type E was a 40 horsepower, 7 passenger car with 4. 5 by 32 inch tires and platform springs on the rear, with a selling price of $3,000 F. O. B. Seneca Falls. washbowl Kaiser was the President of the Iroquois Motor Car friendship between 1903 and 1909.Only thirteen cars were rattling built but they were a good car. The small number of vehicles produced was largely because Mr. Kaisers approach to building an automobile was simplenessably different from todays procedures. He took his technique from the carriage makershe built his cars to last. He considered a $3,000 automobile to be a very serious gracement and he anticipate his customers to drive his cars for twenty dollar bill years or more. Because he motivationed to build durability into his cars, he inspected and re-inspected every(prenominal ) part and he and his employees assembled the entire automobile.In 1909, the company dissolved because of lack of business. Ms. Callahan speculated in her article that had Mr. Kaiser thought the same way of life as Henry Ford, whitethornbe the Iroquois Motor would be a booming diligence in Seneca Falls today. 5 In that same article, Callahan reported that the streets of Seneca Falls were traveled in the years that followed by many makes that are no long-run in performance. These include the Ameri nates Under-Slung that Norman Gould owned Fred Fisher owned a Winton Walter Ward, Sr. owned a Mora Dr. Horton had an terrestrial Charlie Fegley had a Reo Harry Fredenburg had a Franklincapital of Minnesota Perkins, Sr.had a Savon W. E. Dic underlying had a scallywag and Mrs. Partridge had a Pearce Arrow. The May 30, 1913, case of the Seneca Falls Reveille noted that people in Seneca Falls had auto fever. There were 89 Model Ts, plus a number of other car makes in the settlement. In January 1921, at that place were 2,073 autos and trucks in the county and by September of that same year the number had increased to 2,945. On October 27, 1922, Fred L. Huntington leased a building at Fall and Mynderse Streets for auto sales. 6 Getting an early automobile started,especially once it stalled out, was not an easy task. just about everyone knows of the necessity of cranking the motor. Not everyone knows, however, of the runaway automobile incident on September 17, 1917, in Waterloo. Just as the crowd was dispersing from the New York Central Railroad Station after seeing off a largecontingent of Seneca County new men entering the army for war duty, William Redfields big Studebaker car became stalled at the main village intersection. When it wouldnt start, a number of helping hands gave it a push. The car was sleek over in gear mechanism and there was no driver in the seat.The runaway car struck another car and then took to the sidewalk where it tear down awnings al ong the street. In front of Semtners tailor shop the car struck and killed H. Eugene Van Buren who was repairing the sidewalk. The auto then struck 2 little girls and then a tree in front of John C. Shanks residence on the watershed of Church and Main Streets. The runaway car then bounded across the street and crashed into the house of Edward Conant just east of the Presbyterian Church. Becker summarized the incident with the comment, Every part of the autos driverless trip down the street was a freak occurrence.7 If you want to see this wellpreserved 1903 Ford Model A car, you only when have to go to the N. R. Boyce car dealership in Ovid. They have had this car on display since about 1949. To clarify wherefore it is called a 1903 Ford Model A, early Ford cars were simply lettered model A, then model B, etc. until the Model T proved so popular that Ford kept producing that Model T for severa years. Then Ford went back to producing a new Model A. As the date at right shows, the 1903 Ford Model A was chain- dictated. The car often had the problem of mud, etc. clogging up the operation.8 As automobiles were increase in number, our villages were ever-ever-changing as well. Waterloo, for example, erected its first street signs in late 1910. 9 In June 1913, a five year contract was made with Central New York and Electric Co, providing for all night street lighting in Waterloo. This lighting consisted of five ornamental roll up lamps of 60 candlepower each to be placed on each side of Main Street, 100 feet apart. 10 overly in 1913, the village of Waterloo designated street rime for houses and business places so that free postal delivery could be instituted in the village of Waterloo on September 1, 1913.11 The Waterloo village board on May 6, 1914,resolved to have vitamin E Main, Washington, and River Streets, paved as part of the new state. Highway Law, by which the state, the county, the village and adjoining property owners would pay for the improvement. 12 The rapid increase in the number of automobiles led to the development of many autorelated businesses such as gas stations and tourist cabins. One of the most interesting examples in Seneca County was the Windmill Tourist Camp just west of Seneca Falls. The windmill itself was built in 1929.The Camp had a total of 15 cabins, as many as club gas pumps, and a restaurant and place shop. It should also be noted that the gussy up of the automobile helps to rationalize the demise of streetcars and railroads in our county and nationwide. 13 In 2007 there were 28,143 registered automobiles in Seneca County for a population of about 33,000, and a total of 24,758 drivers licenses. 14 Seeing a unfeignedly old car like a Tin Lizzie while campaign along on a pathway today prompts heavy reaction and for good reason. by chance its simply because cars today arejust so different in appearance from those old cars.Or perhaps those old cars progress to us pause to think nostalgically of a t ime when life itself and the very pace of life were so different. Automobile manufacture Automobile assiduity is a symbol of technical marvel by human kind. Being one of the speedy finding orbits in the world its propulsive suppuration phases are explained by temper of aspiration, product life cycle and consumer implore. Today, the spherical automobile patience is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency.The diligence is at the crossroads with world(prenominal) mergers and relocation of takings centers to rising developing economies. Due to its sound forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automobile exertion is having a strong multiplier effect on the offshoot of a country and hence is adequate to(p) of organism the driver of economic growth. It plays a major catalytic role in developing transport sector in one hand and help industrial sector on th e other to grow unwaveringer and thereby generate a significant employment opportunities.Also as many countries are opening the cut down border for trade and developing internationalist road links, the contribution of automobile sector in increase exportations and imports will be significantly high. As automobile diligence is be approaching more and more standardized, the level of competition is increasing and production base of most of auto- monstrosity companies are being shifted from the developed countries to developing countries to exact the advantage of low cost of production. Thus, many developing countries are make serious efforts to grab these opportunities which include many Asiatic countries such as Thailand, China, India and Indonesia.The rising competition and increasing ball-shaped trade are the major factors in improving the global distribution system and has forced many auto- whales such as General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and Daimler Chrysler , to shift their production bases in different developing countries which help them scarper efficiently in a globally competitive grocery storeplace. During the second half of the 1990s, the globalization of the self-propelled intentness has greatly deepen due to the construction of important hostile facilities and establishment of mergers between giant international automobile manufacturers. Over the years, it is being discovered that Asia is emerging as a global automotive hub.Exports of automobiles including components from Asia are also increasing by leaps and bounds. Asia has become the major consumer as well as supplier of automobiles. At this juncture, the learn makes an attempt to evaluate the growth name, changes in ownership structures, trade pattern, role of government etc. in automobile sector of selected Asiatic countries (viz. China, India, Indonesia and Thailand).The objective of the study is to understand the dynamics of Indian automobile sector in comp arison to the same sector in other selected Asian countries. Thailand is a major auto trade country from Asia. The sector is chiefly impelled by Japanese FDI. Chinese automobile sector is development very fast and is poised to make its dent in the internationalhand is consolidating its position with strong domestic and external demand. The Indonesian automotive industry is fundamentally an assembly industry, commandd by the major Japanese car manufacturers is also coming up in post-liberalization period and increasing its exports.Japan and Korea Rep already have developed automobile industry. Hence, comparison with these two countries may not be worthwhile. Selected four are developing countries and making an effort to develop the automobile sector through different paths. The paper will equalize the alternative strategies for the growth of automobile industry in these selected countries The production of automobiles in batch began in the early 1890s, in western europium. The USA started the production of both galvanizing and gas automobiles by 1896. In 1903, Ford stepped in.The price of cars reduced from USD 850 in 1908 to USD 360 in 1916. The great depression and the sphere Wars proverb a drop in sale but the 1950s and 1960s were the brainy era for automobiles (driven by Ford, GM and Chrysler). yield reached 11 million units in 1970. intentness specialists indicate that international business in the automobile industry dates back to the technology transfer of Ford Motor beau mondes mass-production model from the U. S. to Western europium and Japan following both World Wars I and II. This gives rise to two important paths.The first one is that, the advancements in industrial enterprise led to significant increase in the growth and production of the Japanese and German automotive markets. The second important trend was that due to the crude embargo from 1973 to 1974, the export of fuel efficient cars from Japan to the U. S. primarily due to low fuel prices, US was producing muscle cars but after the oil price shocks US had to compete with Europe and Japan who succeeded in producing fuel efficient cars. For the first time, design, marketing, prices, customer satisfaction etc become important in the automobile market.By 1982, Japan became the world leader in US market. The potential growth opportunities led to global overcapacity in automobile industry. 1990s observed the merger and acquisition (M&A) and formation of strategic alliances to tackle this overcapacity problem. Increasing global trade also act as a major factor for rising growth in world mercenary distribution systems, which has also increased the global competition amongst the automobile manufacturers. Japanese automakers have instituted innovative production methods by modifying the U. S. manufacturing model.They are also capableof adapting and utilizing technology to enhance production and increase product competition. There are three major trends of world automotive industry, which are discussed briefly bellow world(prenominal) Market Dynamics The worlds leading automobile manufacturers continue to invest into production facilities in emerging markets in order to reduce production costs and therefore rise in profits. These emerging markets include Latin America, China, Malaysia and other markets in southwestwardeast Asia. Establishment of Global Alliances Now-a-days, there is trend of joint venture in global automotive industry.Most of the giant automobile manufacturers are merging with each others. The big three U. S. automakers (GM, Ford and Chrysler) have merged with, and in some cases realized commercial strategic partnerships with other European and Japanese automobile manufacturers. The Chrysler Daimler-Benz merger, were initiated by the European automaker in order to uphold its position in the U. S. market. Overall, there has been a trend by the world automakers to exsert by merging with other giant automotive com panies in overseas markets*.Industry Consolidation Increasing global competition amongst the global manufacturers and positioning within foreign markets has divided the worlds automakers into three hosts, the first group being GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen, and the two remaining group manufacturers attempting to consolidate or merge with other lower group automakers to compete with the first group companies. Diagram1 provides a snapshot view of this. World automotive industry, in its early stages of development, was concentrated mainly in hands of developed countries like U.S. , Japan etc. But as automobile industry become more and more standardized, the production base of most of auto-giant companies was shifted from the developed countries to developing countries. Standardization makes production more profitable in developing countries due to low cost of labor. Thats why countries like Thailand, China today are the main production base for many multinational automobile companies, and that explain why this study is concentrated only on selected countries in Asia.Table 1 below compares basic features of automobile industry in three major markets in the world. Table 1 Comparison of prefatorial Features in Three Major Automobile Market Characteristics US Market European Market East and South East AsianMarket Contribution to Motor vehicle The automotive industry represents In Japan industry represents 13 % Economy Organisational andtechnological changeis the keycharacteristics of theUS industry. Of late,steps are interpreted toincrease its globalpresence byexpanding globalalliances and seekinggreater collaborationwith other U.S. automakers. Productivity is morethan EU but less thanJapan. The European automotive market iscomprised of a concentrated andsophisticated global network, whichincludes joint-ventures,cooperatives, productions andassembly sites. standardized USA, overcapacity, intense competition andinvestment for technology aregeneral featur es. The industry isdriven by MNCs mainly located inWestern Europe. However, thegrowing production is noted in theCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland,Slovenia, Slovakia and Turkey. East Asian market is mainly drivenby Japanese FDI. apart(predicate) from this,state sponsored initiatives areobserved in Korea Rep. , China, etc. These countries are making attemptto develop indigenous auto-industrybase. Others are driven by MNCs. Profitability in the industry isrelatively more than EU Market piece of ground Ford, GM andChrysler makeupapproximately 76 %of U. S. passengervehicle production,while Japaneseautomakers, Toyota,Honda, Nissan,Mitsubishi, Subaru,Isuzu represents 18%, and Europeanautomakers, BMWand Mercedes(division of Daimler-Chrysler) make upnearly 2%. The EUs largest automotiveproducer is Germany estimated at30 % of EUs total production,followed by France at 19 % andSpain at 17 %, and the UnitedKingdom at 10 %The largest automakers producingmultiple brands, such as GeneralMotors, F ord, Daimler Chrysler,Volkswagen, Fiat and PeugeotCitroen. There are also independentautomakers, such as Porsche, BMWand Bertione. In Japan Toyota, Honda, Nissan,Mazda etc dominate the market.InKorea Rep, Hyundai acquired Kiaand Asia Motors in 1999, and sold10 % of its equity toDaimlerChrysler in 2000 Daewoopurchased 52 % equity in Ssanyongin 1998 and GM purchased 42 %equity of Daewoo and in 2000,French automaker Renaultpurchased Samsung Motors. InASEAN region, Toyota, Hyundai,Suzuki, GM are major players. Demand Pattern(Domestic andexport) The US producersmainly produce fordomestic market andto some extent forCanadian market. Canada is the largestmarket for U. S. vehicle exports withsubsidiaries of U. S. automakersaccounting for mostof the imports. TheUS big Threecontinues to invest inCanadian market. Consumer demand is the drivingforce for industry in EU. Moremodels, shorter life-cycle is the keyof demand pattern which is similar toUSA. New EU members show anincreasing demand an d manyCompanies shifting some of theirproduction base to these countries. EU is gaining through export highvalue run such as design andengineering. Europes bus and truck market isstronger than Asia dominated byplayers like Volvo, Scania andMercedes. Asian market is growing relativelyslowly but steadily in post-financialcrisis period. Asias three coremarkets are Japan, Korea andChina. South East Asian marketsare also growing rapidly.Thecompound average growth rate inASEAN countries is expected to bein the order of 10 to 20 shareage until2010 10 percent in India and only4 percent to 8 percent in mainland ChinaKorea or Taiwan ,China. In 2010,Japans demand will be or so 1/3rdof total East and SE Asian demand. Korea, Thailand play major part inexporting vehicles. AFTA isexpected to increase the regional export market. Restructuring post of Automobile Industry in 2000 economics of Automobile Industry Todays global automotive industry is salutary of opportunities and risks whi ch are everywhere in emerging and mature markets alike.However, profitable growth is change state more difficult to achieve due to challenges prevailed from the supply chain to the retail environment. Currently, the automotive industry has too much of everything too much capacity, too many competitors and too much redundancy and overlap. The industry is in the grips of a global price-war. Production Today, the large car manufacturers has a production installing in the different markets and from each platform a car is produced for that market as well as for exports to other markets. striking players in automobile industry do not have just one big factory which exports its products to all other countries.In addition, the products are not uniform in each different market. It may have the same technical platform, but the design and the options and features differ between countries. They are different because the demands of customers differ between countries. For example, in South A merica, incomes are lower than in Western Europe and customers need more affordable cars. In the USA the customers want more space in the car, and thats an important factor for a car to be successful there. On the contrary, small cars are quite popular in India.It is not possible to be in the high volume market and to place the same cars to every market all over the world. So car makers are researching what their customers want and changing the car for each market otherwise they will groundless customers. More and more CKD (completely knocked down) cars are being produced for some countries in smaller volumes. That is often the case if there are barriers to exporting cars to particular countries, and they are only being sold in smaller volumes. With larger markets, where sales of particular models are high, companies really need their own plant which has its own suppliers of parts.Due to sharp competition and changing customer demand, product development process advances have been more significant than changes in product architecture. Product cycles continue to grow shorter as more companies adopt the coinciding engineering approach pioneered by Japanese automakers. At the same time, advances in Computer-Aided formula (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools are being used to replace physical prototypes and testing processes. Now, major players (in post M&A situation) take greater responsibility for product design and allow production base to get shifted to advantageous location for low cost.However, still due to lack of standardization, number of tiers at the supply chain is not reduced. Moreover, when design is replicated with modification for physical product development, several domestic issues need to be interpreted into consideration. These are mainly legal liability, and regulatory procedures. Furthermore, there is a technological move towards modules, i. e. self-contained functional units with standardized interfaces that can serve as buildi ng blocks for a variety of differen.