What Really Happen at the Alamo free essay sample

Santa Clause Anna, Commander of Mexican Army, didn't need this to occur, and along these lines he would not like to sign the bargain on permitting Texas to have freedom. The Texans were troubled and realized that they needed to battle for their freedom against Mexico. This fight had five primary individuals. To begin with, Colonel William Travis who was Texas Commander. Second, Jim Bowie was in order of a volunteer power in San Antonio when William Travis showed up with ordinary armed force troops. Third, Davy Crockett who was an amazing frontiersmen and was encircled with 188 individuals in the stronghold and battled against the Mexican armed force. Fourth, Sam Houston who was the Commander of the Texas Army. At long last, general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna who was the general of the Mexican armed force and pioneer of the Multi day attack at the Alamo. In the beginning of the Texas Revolution, a temporary government had been set up to sort out obstruction against Mexicans, and Sam Houston was named the leader of the Texan Army. Houston accepted that San Antonio would be too separated to even consider defending effectively, accordingly he sent Jim Bowie to pull back the battalion positioned there. Be that as it may, Bowie got in affection for a relinquished strategic the town that has served for quite a long time as a military quarters of Mexican soldiers: known as the â€Å"Alamo†. Bowie started to help the army crucial, sent a word to Houston that he would remain and shield the Alamo. Houston at that point got stressed and sent a youthful torch named William Travis to arrange the garrison’s mission withdrawal, yet unfortunately Travis too felt in the fantasy of Bowie. At that point on February 23, 1836 Santa Anna showed up at the Alamo where in excess of 150 men including Davy Crockett. Santa Clause Anna rapidly request his power, numbering 4,000 to 6,000 men, to encompass the Alamo. He at that point started a nonstop assault to which the safeguards were scarcely ready to react. They had gun, yet insufficient black powder. Santa Clause Anna sent a messenger to request that the Alamo give up. Travis answered with a cannonball. The individuals in the Alamo were not made sure about, and Bowie turned out to be sick by a sickness depicted as rushed utilization or typhoid pneumonia. In this way Travis became in order. On February 24, Travis then sent three riders out to go find support. In an outcome, thirty-two men rode (from Gonzalez) to assault Santa Anna however it was incomprehensible for a little local army to shield an entire armed force. While the fortress dividers were starting to slow down, they were not sufficient since it was initially worked to keep out the Comanche. They were individuals from a Shoshonean clan, the main clan of the gathering living totally on the Plains, and in the past running from Wyoming to Texas. The evening of March 5, the assault of the Alamo halted. In the obscurity, the Mexicans troops discreetly situated themselves for a first light assault. The individuals at the Alamo were concerned in light of the fact that they realized that Santa Anna was going to assault, the dividers of the stronghold were disintegrating down. On Sunday the sixth, around 5:00 a. m. Santa Clause Anna started to open the attack yet was fruitless. Never the less, the second time he penetrated the dividers. Once inside, as around 1,800 attack troops progressed into range, and they started to slaughter. Travis was the first to be killed in the fight, while Bowie battled from the his sickbed for a brief timeframe. The individuals in the congregation building held out the longest, yet lamentably didn't have the ability to endure. Others on the fortification chose to escape toward the southeast however were murdered by Mexican mounted force hanging tight for such a move. By 8:00 a. m. , it was all finished; all the 188 Texans safeguards, including Bowie and Crockett were slaughtered. The triumphant Mexicans saved somewhere in the range of twenty ladies, kids, and African-American Slaves. Santa Clause Anna got known for merciless concealment of revolting. Furthermore, despite the fact that the Alamo attack eased back the Mexican crusade under about fourteen days, it gave the sparkles that inspired numerous to join Houston’s diverse power. Sam Houston was the Commander of the Texas Army. In this way, on April 21, there was another fight named â€Å"The Battle of San Jacinto. † On April 20, Houston’s armed force found Mexican Army on the San Jacinto close to Galveston Bay. While the Mexican armed force was having a rest, Houston was prepared to assault. Houstons armed force assaulted them with outrage saying Remember the Alamo! what's more, Remember Goliad! Toward the end 630 Mexican officers were executed and others were kept as detainees. Santa Clause Anna was additionally compelled to sign the arrangement on permitting freedom to Texas. Toward the end the political race was held and Sam Houston won and became leader of the Republic of Texas. At long last, toward the end Texas turned out to be a piece of the United States. The skirmish of the Alamo got known as a revitalizing cry in light of the fact that such a significant number of individuals got executed. Santa Clause Anna would not like to pronounce Texas freedom. In this manner Texas needed to battle for their opportunity. During the fight, we lost celebrated individuals like Colonel William Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett. As I would like to think Santa Anna did great in the clash of the Alamo since he needed to indicated individuals that in the event that you need autonomy you should battle for it. The thirteen days attack at the Alamo was his most brilliant arrangement. He indicated what an extraordinary pioneer he was by executing 188 individuals and calling them deceivers. In any case, unfortunately he lost the clash of San Jacinto and was placed in jail afterwards executed in the wake of marking the bargain permitting Texas to have its autonomy. Presently the Alamo is visited by 2. 5 million individuals per year.

---------Organism evolve in the Paleozoic era Research Paper

- Organism develop in the Paleozoic period - Research Paper Example With the finish of Paleozoic period came about the mass eradication of marine species, The Permian/Triassic termination (Paleozoic time paleobiology). One of the creatures that developed in Paleozoic time and figured out how to endure the immense and various land and topographical changes traversing over 300 years is Spider. Their worldwide nearness even today can't be denied. In the present paper is talked about the special attributes of this life form that added to its transformative achievement and present a concise depiction of its excursion throughout the years. Insects have a place with the request Araneae. They are among the most copious species supplanted uniquely by the class Insecta, and involves around 42000 existing species having a place with 109 families (Platnick). The most seasoned fossils of genuine arachnids have been accounted for to be from the carboniferous period (312 million years of age), however their development can be followed to the Devonian. They are in certainty among the main living beings to have possessed land (Penney and Selden, 8). The one of a kind morphological and social attributes of bugs keep on astounding analysts and are liable for the endurance and practically omnipresent nearness of arachnids. A portion of these qualities are: Silk is the greatest apparatus and weapon of insect. It is utilized for cover, development, correspondence, and dispersal of spiderlings. Web making arachnids are equipped for remaining unmoving and hidden for long range of time and are activated by such improvement as prey, mate or predator. Further they have adjustments, for example, middle tarsal paws to empower them to stroll on silk (Herberstein and Wignall, 8). During development it leaves a dragline silk shaped by the foremost spinnerets which goes about as a wellbeing line of correspondence for mate. Contingent upon nature they possess, they have created organs for motion, for example, paw tufts for land and hydrophobic exoskeletons for water. The sense

Its Not Me, Its You

It’s Not Me, It’s You Fun fact: when George Washington was a young Virginian, his driving ambition was to be an officer in the British army. Despite his repeated attempts, he was denied a commission in the service: not, Washington fancied, because he was in any way deficient, but because the British army was too foolish to recognize his potential. Washington rebounded from this rejection by heading the Continental Army, driving the British out of their own colonies, and becoming the iconic first president and, in many ways, the linchpin in the formation of the United States of America. Worked out pretty well for you, didnt it, Washington? The statue in the Boston Public Gardens. Washington getting rejected from the British army is a lot like getting rejected from your favorite college. That command was something he had long envisioned for himself and driven towards, and something that stung deeply when it was denied him. It was also something he had very little control over obtaining, and something whose absence in no way inhibited the spectacular course of his life. Washington’s attempt to gain a command was somewhat futile to begin with because he was up against British anti-American prejudice, and there wasn’t much he could do about it. Now, there are a lot of things that you can influence about your college applications. You can study like Hermione Granger to get good grades and SAT scores, you can pour your heart into your extracurriculars, and you can craft exquisite college essays. There are also a million things you can’t control. You can’t control where you went to high school or where you’re from geographically or what your gender is. You can’t control what traits an admissions committee is looking for, or what mood a reader is in when they peruse your essay, or what the rest of that year’s applicant pool looks like. In other words, there are a lot of factors that can determine whether you’re offered admission to a school that have nothing to do with you. I’m making this point because getting rejected from a school you love is crushing, and it can often be framed in the context of “I wasn’t good enough to get in.” That’s not the right way to look at it. College decisions are not a reflection of your personal merit. Too many other factors come into play. And that’s important to recognize. That’s why I love Washington’s “It’s not me, it’s you” attitude towards his own British rejection. Guys, let’s face it: if you’ve got the motivation to apply to a great school like MIT or any other top university, you’re already an ambitious, driven, high-achieving person. You know that you have a lot to offer the world. If you were rejected somewhere, that university, for some reason or another, is not recognizing what you have to offer it. That can be a painful realization to confront, especially if a school felt like a really good fit. But honestly, who is a college to render judgment on you? You know what you have to offer. It’s not worth spending time pining over a school that doesn’t appreciate you. And you owe it to yourself to go somewhere that recognizes your potential and offers you an environment where you can thrive. And that brings me to my most important point. While we’re going with a Revolutionary theme, I’m going to borrow a quote from an incredibly powerful song from Hamilton: “I am the one thing in life I can control.” The single most formative, abiding factor in your life will be you. Your own abilities, your determination, and your attitude. Where you go to school might change your path, just like any number of situational factors that tweak the course of your life. It’s not going to define you. Going to your perfect college won’t hand you a perfect life on a glittering platter. And if you’re ambitious and hardworking, you won’t need that perfect school to succeed. You can’t control where you get into school. Fortunately, you can control you. And that’s the most important ingredient. Good luck, future class of 2020. You’re going to hit it out of the park.

NIPPON and JOHTUN paint - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5696 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Art Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? DETERMINATION OF LEVEL OF TOXICITY IN DIFFERENT BRAND OF LATEX (WATER) BASED PAINT ABSTRACT All people around the world have been using paint in their household but they have no idea that all this time they have been exposed to toxic substances that can be found in the paint. Paint manufacturer have used heavy metals substances in making paint pigments which gives variety of colour in paint. The paint pigments are made by using many different types of heavy metals substances which are highly concentrated even in one drop of the paint. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "NIPPON and JOHTUN paint" essay for you Create order For example, yellow and red paint pigments are commonly made of cadmium, Cd. Besides, mercury, Hg, is used in making black pigments in black paint while lead, Pb, is the main chemical suctances in making white pigments in paint. Other than that, cobalt, Co, is readily used in making yellow pigments of paint. In this experiment, a research has been done to investigate the level of these heavy metals present in their respective paint of two different brands of paint, NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. At the end of the experiment, a conclusion has been made which shows that both paints contain high percentage of heavy metal ions (toxicity) where both paint have percentage exceeds 100% of heavy metals ions present in a single drop of paint sample. This shows both paints should be avoided at all costs to prevent further exposure to these chemical substances which may harmful to humans health. However, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity level than JOHTUN paint which makes NIPPON paint is more dangerous than JOHTUN paint. 1. INTRODUCTION The usage of paint is widely used in decorating houses, mostly applied on walls and fences. This is because paint would give life to houses as it would appear beautifully when the right colour are been applied. However, people often consider that by applying any types of paint would be enough as long as their choice of colour is applied. What they do not know is that there are types of paint that can only be applied to certain object based on what they are made of. Besides, there are also types of paints that would affect humans health as some of them are made by using chemicals that are toxic. The toxicity may presence in small quantities in the paint. However, it is may enough to emit fumes that could cause nausea, headaches, dizziness and fatigue if is breathe in for a long time without good circulation of air. Even if breathing in fumes from small cans of paint spray, it may lead to non-reversible brain damage. 1.1 LATEX PAINT Latex paint or best known as water based paint is one type of paint that is made up of 50% to 90% of water. Although the paint are named latex, however this type of paint most of them does not have natural latex in modern painting. However, nowadays, companies usually refer latex paint as water based paint. This is because, many paints made up today are made with water as the thinner but with resins that are not latex. That is why it is called with term as water-thinned or water-reducible. Besides, if the paint called latex, it is because they contain plastic resin made of acrylics or polyvinyl. In modern days, paint comes with lots of types of colours. It is thanks to pigments that give out colour to the paint. Different pigment give out different types of colour and these pigments also are made up of chemicals. Usually common pigment types include mineral salts are which are used both in latex and oil based paint. For example, white colour usually are made up of basic lead carbonate, Pb2(CO3) while many of the red and yellow paints are made up of cadmium. Although usually the pigment are often the same both in latex and oil-based paint, it is the carriers and binders that differentiate the latex paint to oil-based paint which both will have different characteristics. The carrier is one part of the paint that volatile which will evaporates once the paint is applied on surface. The carrier is also the one which keeps the pigment and the binders together in suspension until the time when the paint is applied to a surface of wall or paper. The binders; however is the body of the paint, which is the permanent part of the paint. The binder is the one which remains when the paint dries. Besides, it also helps the paint to adhere more to a surface. In latex paint, water-soluble binders will include combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, PVA and others), filler, pigment and water. That is why the best latex (water based paints) will be made up of 100% acrylic completely or vinyl acrylics and polyvinyl acetates. 1.2 AIM OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDIES There are many types of latex paint with different brand available in the market and lots of people bought every single one of them based on the brands and the price. However, the brand of the latex paint does not ensure it contains higher percentage of toxicity than other brand based on the pigments made to make the paint. So, by doing this experiment, we can determined the total percentage of toxic substance present in a can of paint. As a result, people would know which brand are best to buy and use in order to take care of their health as they will be expose and smell the paint for a long time. This is because when people are expose to the paint, the toxicity would get into the body system trough smell. The toxic are dissolves in the paint and will be vaporize together with them. The toxic is then travel trough the thin air and sucked in by our respiratory system. Once the toxic are in the body, slowly they may affect body system. The effect does not shows any sign in a short pe riod of time, but once it kept accumulated in the body system it will do serious damage to our body such as skin irritation, headaches, nausea, diarrheal and if the nervous system got affected, people may fall into a coma. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION The substance causes paints to be toxic are because of the pigment of paint that give colour is made up of large composition of heavy metals substances. Therefore, research question is made which is Does level of toxicity is different in different brand of Latex (water) based paint? So, in order to answer the question above, experiments will be done to find out the level of toxicity in different brand of Latex (water) based paint. 2. HYPOTHESIS The determination of level of toxicity in paints is determined by the formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. So, hypothesis is made which the level of toxicity in paint higher when the mass of precipitate formed increases. This is because the heavy metal ion in paint will react with chemical reagents to formed insoluble precipitate. If the presence of the heavy metal ion is high in one paint, then the more precipitate will be formed at the end of the experiment, thus higher the level of its toxicity. 3. VARIABLES 3.1 Independent Variable 3.1.1 Paints Samples Two different brands of latex paint are used to be tested as samples for this experiment. The brands are Nippon paints and Johtun paints. Both samples will be compared to each other in which whether one brands contain higher toxic substance than the other in order to make the pigment of the paints. 3.1.2 Paints Colour Five different colours from each brand are selected to be tested in this experiment. The five colours are red, yellow, white, green and black. The purpose of using different colour for each brand is because the pigments which giving the colour of the paints are made up of different toxic substances. They are:- * Red pigments in red paints are commonly contains cadmium and lead * Many of the yellow pigments in yellow paints are made up of cadmium and cobalt. * The black pigments on the other hand are commonly made up of vermillion which contain mercury * Almost all green pigments in green paints are made up of cobalt * Most of the white pigments in the white paints are made up of lead carbonate. The toxic substances present in the five different colour of paint could then be determine by using confirmatory test for each of them and compared with the same colour of the other brand. 3.2 Dependent variable 3.2.1 The changes in colour There were four different experiments to indicate the presence of four different substances that considered as toxic. Every each of the experiment would result to changes in colour at the end of the experiment, if the toxic substances are present. So, the changes in colour of the mixture of chemical substances at the end of every experiment would be the dependent variable. The changes in colour were observed by using a piece of white A4 paper as the background so that the changes in colour would be clearly indicated. 3.2.2 The mass of precipitate formed At the end of every experiment, if the toxic substances are present, not only there would be changes in colour, precipitate would also be formed. The toxic substances ions would react with the reagent used to form precipitate which is insoluble in water. The precipitate would be filtered and its mass would be measured by using an electronic balance. If the mass of the precipitate is high, then it shows that the level of the required toxic substances used to make the pigment of the paint is high too. 3.3 Constant variables 3.3.1 The volume of paint used in the experiment The intensity of the colour of the paint used in the experiment was very high. So, in order to observe colour changes and precipitate formed, the paint must be diluted with water. This is to ensure that the paint must be clear enough so that any visible changes would be easily indicated. Therefore, only one drop of paint is used for every trial. 3.3.2 The volume of water used to dilute the paint The volume of water used for dilute the paint for every trial in each of the experiment is fixed to 10 ml. 4. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS 4.1 Materials Materials Quantity Nippons paint and Johtuns paint colour blue, yellow, red, black, and green. 1 drop 6.0 mol of Ammonia,NH3 20 ml 6.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 20 ml Thioacetamide 15 ml 12.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 15 ml 6.0 mol of Nitric acid, HNO3 15 ml Potassium Chromate, K2CrO4 10 ml 0.5 mol of Potassium Thiocyanate, KCSN 10 ml Acetone 10 ml Table 1 List of materials 4.2 Apparatus Apparatus Quantity Test tubes 40 5 ml measuring cylinder 2 50 ml measuring cylinder 2 Electronic balance 1 Dropper 10 A4 paper 1 50 ml beaker 8 Test tube holder 1 Filter paper 40 Filter funnel 1 Table 2 List of apparatus 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Sample Preparation The colour intensity paint samples for this experiment were very concentrated when the paints were bought from the shop. In order for this experiment to work, the paint need to be dilute first to form faint colour so that after the confirmatory test will be done, if there is any changes to the colour, it would be clearly observed. So, only drop of each paint sample with different colour was taken and been put into the test tube. Then, 10 ml of distilled water was measured using a measuring cylinder and been poured into each test tube containing the paint sample prepared earlier. Then, very faint colour were formed for every paint samples and readied for the confirmatory test. 5.2 Confirmatory Test A) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CADMIUM ( Cd 2+) [1] 1- Add 1 drops of red paint sample into a test tube. 2- Then, add 6 M NH3 (aq) until the solution become neutral. 3- Make the solution acidic by adding one or more drops of 6 M HCl. 4- After that, add 1 ml of thioacetamide and stir well. 5- Heat the test tube in the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. 6- If cadmium is present, a yellow precipitate of cadmium sulphide should form. 7- Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using yellow, white, green and black colour paint. B) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MERCURY (II), (Hg2+) [2] 1- If the results in procedures in A; get black precipitate at the end of the experiment, then, mercury is present. 2- For further confirmation, try to dissolve the precipitate in 1 ml of 12 M HCl with heating. 3- If it does not dissolve in HCl, try the same procedure with 1 ml of 6 M (dilute) HNO3. 4- If it still does not dissolve, then try to dissolve it in a mixture of 1 ml of 6 M HCl and 1 ml of 6 M HNO3, heating for 2 minutes in a water bath. Most of the black precipitate should dissolve because mercury(II) sulphide is the least soluble of the metal sulphides. C) CONFIRMSTORY TEST FOR LEAD (Pb2+) [3] 1- Add 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 drops of the original red paint sample. A white precipitate identifies Ag+ or Pb2+. 3- Then, add 2 to 5 drops of K2CrO4 solution to 5 drops of the original solution. A red precipitate identifies Ag+. A yellow precipitate identifies Pb2+. D) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT COMPOUNDS ( Co2+) [4] 1- Add 1 drops of red oil based paint into a test tube. 2- Add 5 drops of 0.5 M KNCS and mix together. 3- Add an equal volume of acetone and mix. A blue colour indicates the formation of [Co(NCS)4]2- 5.3 Measurements on mass of the precipitate formed When there are any changes of color of each experiments, precipitate would formed indicating that the toxic substances are present. Then, the precipitate would be filtered by using a filter funnel. The precipitate is then would be dried first to prevent any presence of water that may affect the measurements of mass of the precipitate. The mass of the precipitate is measured by using an electronic balance. 6. DATA COLLECTION 6.1 Results Below are the results of data obtained at the end of the experiment based on qualitative on two different brand. A) JOHTUN PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 4 Quantitative data for JOHTUN paint B) NIPPON PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Table 5 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 6 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint 7. Data Analysis 7.1 Data processing Calculation of percentage of precipitate formed at the end of the experiment The percentage of precipitate formed for every experiment is calculated by using the formula below: Mass of precipitate x 100% Mass of paint sample Formula 1 For this experiment, an assumption is made in order to calculate the percentage of precipitate formed as shown below: One drop of paint sample 0.01 cm3 Assumption 1 The assumption above is made because the volume of one drop of paint sample is too small to be measured. Therefore, the smallest reading possible is taken which is 0.01 cm3. However, the calculation is done only the experiments above shows formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. The sediments are not included in the calculation because it still part of the paint and does not undergo any reaction. Therefore, all the calculation is shown below. A) NIPPON PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.04 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 400 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. Graph 1 Level of toxicity in percentage of NIPPON paint B) JOHTUN PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.03 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 300 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. 7.1.1 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint Confirmatory test Color Level of toxicity NIPPON PAINT JOHTUN PAINT Cadmium Red 200% 300% Black Yellow 100% 100% Green White Mercury Red Black Yellow Green White Lead Red Black Yellow Green 200% 100% White 400% 200% Cobalt compound Red Black Yellow 400% 100% Green White Table 7 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint It is believed that all heavy metals elements present in paint are only one part of a very complex chemical formula present in the latex paint. Many chemicals are added into the paint making latex paint has composition of polymer having interpolymerized units that derive from styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl, or combinations thereof and units derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile apart having the heavy metals elements.[5] Therefore, it is assumed that the entire heavy metals element present in the paint will dissolve in water forming ions and complex compounds. Therefore, generally, reaction that occurs is, AX A (heavy metals ions) + X (unknown complex compound bind to the ions) Equation 1 So, the reactions for heavy metal elements that occur are, Ionization of cadmium CdX(l) Cd2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 2 Ionization of mercury HgX(l) Hg2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 3 Ionization of lead PbX(l) Pb2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 4 Ionization of cobalt compounds CoX(s) Co2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 5 Based on the experiment above, in experiment for testing the presence of cadmium, only red and yellow paint shows formation of yellow precipitate which is insoluble in water at the end of the experiment. The precipitate is actually cadmium sulfide which formed result of the reaction of cadmium ion in the paint with thioacetamide solution. Yellow precipitate also formed in experiment of confirmatory test for lead in white and green paint of both brand. The precipitate formed, lead (II) chromate, Pb2Cr2O4 was results of the reaction between lead ion, Pb2+ and potassium chromate, K2Cr2O4. Pb2+(aq) + Cr2O4 2- (l) Pb2Cr2O4(s) Equation 6 In experiment for confirmatory test for the presence of cobalt ion, Co2+ and mercury, Hg2+ there are no any precipitate formed. However, both brand of yellow paint shows changes when the solution change colour to slightly blue in test for cobalt ion at the end of the experiment. The changes of colour shows that [Co(NCS)4]2- which is blue in colour. Co2+ (aq) + KNCS( l) [Co(NCS)4]2- Equation 7 Despite of the result shows above, in experiment of confirmatory test for mercury, Hg2+ was the only experiment that shows no changes neither in colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury present in black paint and at the end of the experiment, a grayish precipitate should be formed indicating the presence of Hg2+ ion[6]. This will further explain under evaluation on why the result appears no change at all. 8. CONCLUSIONS AND EVALUATION 8.1 Conclusions Based on the experiment above, in all experiment of confirmatory test of all heavy metals ions, when mass of precipitate formed increases, then the level of toxicity in percentage of that paint is high. Therefore, hypothesis made for this experiment earlier is accepted. In experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ion, the mass of precipitate formed for red and yellow paint of NIPPON paint is 0.2 g and 0.1 g respectively. So, this makes the level of toxicity in percentage of cadmium in red and yellow paint is 200% and 100%. However, the red and yellow paint of JOHTUN paint has 0.3 g and 0.1 g of precipitate formed which makes the level of toxicity of 300% and 100% respectively. So, comparing of the level of toxicity between both brand, it shows that red NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity of cadmium than in red JOHTUN paint but has equal level of toxicity in yellow paint of both brand. For experiment B, about confirmatory test for mercury ions, there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. So, it is concluded that there are no mercury ions present in both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint making both paint free of toxicity of mercury. Meanwhile, for experiment C, in confirmatory test for lead ions, precipitate formed in green and white paint of both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. The mass of precipitate are 0.2 g with percentage of 200% for green paint and 0.4 g with percentage 400% for white paint of NIPPON paint. At the same time, in green JOHTUN paint, 0.1 g of precipitate formed with 100% and 0.2 g of precipitate formed in white paint with 200%. So, both green and white of NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity compared to JOHTUN paint. For the last experiment, confirmatory test of cobalt ions in experiment D, 0.4 g of precipitate formed in yellow NIPPON paint while in JOHTUN paint, only 0.1 g of precipitate is formed. So, the level of toxicity of cobalt ion in NIPPON paint with 400% is much higher than in JOHTUN paint with 100%. Overall, after analyzing and comparing of level of toxicity between NIPPON paint and JOHTUN paint, we can conclude that although the level of toxicity in both paint is very high, considering the percentage exceeds 100%, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity than in JOHTUN paint. So, both paint should be avoid to use widely as people will have very high risk in expose to high level of toxicity in NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. 8.2 Evaluations Although above experiments achieved the significance of this investigation, there are few limitations should be considered and can be improvise in order to get much more accurate results in future experiments. Firstly, in experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ions, it was hard to differentiate between yellow precipitate formed and yellow paint sediment when testing yellow paint sample. This is because, the yellow precipitate might be mixed together with yellow sediment at the end of the experiment. As a result, when it is weighed using with an electronic balance, the data might be the mass of mixture of the yellow precipitate together with yellow sediment instead of the mass of yellow precipitate as expected in this experiment. Therefore, in the future, right after the yellow paint is diluted, and dissolves completely in the distilled water, the yellow sediment is filtered out using filter funnel. Then only the experiment could be continue adding chemical solutions to test the presence of cadmium ions. Besides that, in experiment B, testing on the presence of mercury ions, there are no data obtained at the end of the experiment as all sample shows no change at all; neither in change of colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury ions, Hg2+ should be present in black paint. However, in his experiment, because of the complex chemical composition in paint, where the black paint usually made up of vermillion which contains mercury in it, so it might impossible to assume that Hg2+ could be extracted just by dissolving the paint in distilled water. Therefore, I believed that it is not advisable in doing further experiments in testing the presence of mercury ions. This is because, the experiment might be possible to be done by using more advance technologies and other chemical solutions. Other than that, the chemical reaction happen with precipitates formed significantly at the end of experiments, happens very slowly. The precipitates could only be obtained and measured using electronic balance after a day. Therefore, the experiments could be much faster if the mixture of paint sample and chemical solutions heated using a Bunsen burner. This is because when heat energy is apply on the mixture, it could increase the rate of collision of particles in the mixture causing more effective collision that cause reaction to happen. As a result, the rate of chemical reaction of heavy metal ions in this experiment would become much faster. 9. Further Research The data obtained from this experiment is important in order as guideline for all people when using paint in their households. Heavy metals are widely used by paint manufacturer to continuously making paint pigments without really considering the bad effect especially to peoples health if they been exposed to them for too long. Therefore it is important for all people to know the level of heavy metals present in the paint that they bought so that safety precautions can be taken seriously. Besides that, when the paint is applied on the wall, the smell or the odor of the paint is believed to have heavy metals ion which has been oxidized into thin air which could be inhale and would probably damage body system. Therefore, a research could be done how far this theory is true by doing experiments on presence of heavy metals in thin air when paint is applied. If this theory is proven true, then people all around the world should be alert about how paint that they used may cause cancer or skin diseases if they are exposed to the paint for a long time. Other than that, in these experiments only four heavy metals are investigated. Actually, there are many other types of paints which highly toxic because of the use of different heavy metals in the pigment. For example, barium yellow paint contains barium and chromates, Kings yellow paint contains arsenic, Emerald green paints contains arsenite, Lithopone paint which contains zinc sulfide and antimony black paint contains antimony sulfide and many more. I would suggest further experiments can be carried out in order to determine the level of these toxicity in other brands of paints which are widely used nowadays. APPENDIX The pictures below shows the changes of colour that should be get from the experiments; A) The presence of cadmium ions B) The presence of mercury ions C) The presence of lead ion D) The presence of cobalt ions Bibliography 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint, extracted on 12th September 2009 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_resin, extracted on 12th September 2009 3. https://www.rdmoney.com/paint_glossary.htm, extracted on 12th September 2009 4. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html, extracted on 13th September 2009 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium, extracted on 21st September 2009 6. https://captainpackrat.com/furry/toxicity.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 7. https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 8. https://www.goldenpaints.com/justpaint/jp4article2.php, extracted on 1st October 2009 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment, extracted on 15th January 2010 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_red, extracted on 15th January 2010 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_blue, extracted on 15th January 2010 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_white, extracted on 15th January 2010 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion, extracted on 15th January 2010 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide, extracted on 15th January 2010 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 16. https://home.howstuffworks.com/latex-paint.htm, extracted on 15th January 2010 17. https://nwrenovation.com/painting-articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-latex-over-oil-based-paint/, extracted on 15th January 2010 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 19. https://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/products/lpaint.htm , extracted on 17th January 2010 20. https://www.eggtempera.com/toxicity.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 21. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002730.htm, extracted on 17th January 2010 22. https://painterforum.com/types.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 [1] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS [2] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [3] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [4] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt [5] https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html [6] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm [7] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt

Richard Benner s Theory Of Nurses Developing Skills And...

BENNER’S THEORY - FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT AND ITS ROLE IN APRN PRACTICE Gagandeep Sandhu Samuel Merritt University Patricia Benner’s theory From Novice to Expert is based on the concept of nurses developing skills and understanding of the patients care overtime which comes from their continued efforts towards trying to achieve strong education and personal experience. The theory explains the five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. Starting from novice where they don’t have any experience and simply follow instructions, nurses finally reach the expert level transitioning through different levels where they rely on their experience rather than principles or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions. Their performance is fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient at this level. Benner stresses on skills through experience as a prerequisite for becoming an expert nurse (Nursing world, 2013). Benner’s theory gives a hope to new nurses and nurse practitioners in a way that experience brings expertise. Benner emphasizes on professional growth within the organization with increased experience. This theory provides a useful structure for practice development and marks out the difference between the functioning of novice and experienced nurses (Lyneham, Parkinson Denholm (2009). It emphasizes on the power of expertise and empowers the nurse to expand her knowledge. It validates the clinical

To Be Human Is To Discuss Free Essays

There were only 100 years without war in the whole history of human civilization! Iraq and Kuwait had had a long standing, but low level, border dispute over a pair of Persian Gulf islands. No preventative diplomacy was employed during this period of escalation, and Kuwait was invaded in August of 1990. more than 200 people lost their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on To Be Human Is To Discuss or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Vietnam war the total amount of casualties is more than 1,800 million people. In Rwanda after April 6, 1994, 800,000 men, women, and children perished in the Rwandan genocide, perhaps as many as three quarters of the Tutsi population. Although the Rwandans are fully responsible for the organization and execution of the genocide, governments and peoples elsewhere all share in the shame of the crime because they failed to prevent and stop this killing campaign. Not only did international leaders reject what was going on, but they also declined for weeks to use their political and moral authority to challenge the legitimacy of the genocidal government. When international leaders finally voiced disapproval, the genocidal authorities listened well enough to change their tactics although not their ultimate goal. Far from cause for satisfaction, this small success only highlights the tragedy: if weak protests produced this result in late April, imagine what might have been the result if in mid-April the entire world had spoken out. Syria now is bogged down in endless killing. Early in the uprising, Western support might have ousted Mr Assad and preserved Syria’s sectarian harmony. , but the West held back. Now, after more than 110,000 people have died during 30 months of violence, it is too late. Like many civil-war leaders Mr Assad prefers to prolong the fighting rather than risk compromise. The rebels, too, battle on in the knowledge that surrender is likely to mean death. Guys,we live in the 21 century and the humans became so developed that we can tell GOOGle what to GOOgle with our voice but we still fight even more horribly than centuries ago. why do wars still occur then? Wars occur when negotiations fail or don’t even take place. The talks fail when one or more of the parties refuse to participate in negotiations. There are 4 most common reasons for such refusals- 1) that the refusing party thinks that it can get a better outcome by some other means-usually through force. 2)they fear they will be forced to accept unwanted compromises. If parties think they will have to compromise their values, or give up their chance to obtain their fundamental needs, they will refuse to participate in any negotiation. 3)that parties may refuse to negotiate because they make think that the negotiations are a waste of time and are destined to fail. 4)A final reason why parties may refuse to negotiate is that they are so angry with the other group that they are not even willing to sit down at a table , because they do not want to grant them the legitimacy that such an act would imply. These reasons are not sensible enough to risk thousands of human lives. The main reason why the man got ahead of the mammals is thanks to the intensive development and differentiation of the cerebral cortex. But even the mammals don’t kill each other whereas it’s not uncommon for us to do this. We really differ from mammals and need to understand that the power of the word is immense and the only way for us to remain human beings is to discuss. All these bloodstained wars are not the inability to discuss, but just the unwillingness. While war has created more separation between Arab world and the West, negotiations could have improved the relationships and found long-term solution. the only way to stop the continuous fight in Syria is through negotiations. The Economist suggests that The effort is worth it—about 40% of civil wars end through negotiation. And to pave the way for negotiated solutions, parties should have clear understanding of their interests, acknowledge their interdependence by considering both short-term and long-term interests, and recognize that their interests are not incompatible. The parties should also reject the attempt to frame negotiations as talk with a madman. Negotiations are about finding common ground with the opponent, but not judging personal qualities of the negotiator. And the thing that the parties should understand best of all- is that they are humans and that as leaders they have to protect their people from war. Nothing in this world is more valuable than a human life. Let’s save it by discussion! It began to snow.. lightly at first, but then in large flakes. The wind started to howl,it was a snowstorm. In an instant the dark sky merged into an ocean of snow. Everything disappeared. The epigraph for Bulgacov’s â€Å"White Guardian† seems like a snowy night on December the 9th in Kiev. the protesters have blockaded streets and occupied municipal buildings, riot police have beaten demonstrators and journalists, agent provocateurs have tried to discredit the crowd and thus to excuse the repression. The violence can get much worse but the both parties answers to the idea of talks are â€Å"we shall push a little bit more and everything will be OK†. Won’t it be only worse? How to cite To Be Human Is To Discuss, Papers

Universal Precautions Case Study

Question: Discuss about theUniversal Precautionsfor Case Study. Answer: Introduction Ensuring a routine follow-up of the universal precautions is fundamental in nursing practice to prevent the spread of harmful pathogens. When caring for patients, nurses often encounter situations that predispose them to potentially infectious materials. This paper explains what the EN will do to manage the situation, focusing on personal hygiene practices, protective equipment, contamination-limitation techniques, surface cleaning, and management of body fluids. What the EN Will Do Before Entering the Room After noticing that Ms. Edith Smith has soiled herself and the floor, the EN will need to recognize that utilizing appropriate standard precautions is relevant. Evidently, body fluids such as urine and feces contain harmful pathogens that can be highly infectious (La Rosa et al., 2013). Although the case study does not provide some diagnoses that can be infectious, the EN can implement three interventions before entering the room for protective purposes. Hand washing. Hand washing is the first, easiest and safest way that the EN can use to prevent cross contamination to Mrs. Edith. According to Malliarou, Sarafis, Zyga, and Constantinidis (2013) the essence of washing hands is not only to prevent the nurse from the infections but also to ensure that the patient is not predisposed to nosocomial infections. Therefore, the nurse can wash hands using the antiseptic provided by the hospital to minimize the bacteria on her hands to remove the pathogens on her hands. Putting on an apron. The nurse can put on an apron to prevent the transfer of feces and urine to the clothes, skin and the mucous membranes. D'Angelo (2012) contends that every body part is at risk of infection from external body fluids and thus, protection must always be a priority to protect oneself. Moreover, the EN must put on closed shoes to prevent infection to the feet. Putting on gloves. In addition to the apron, donning gloves is the final and the most critical steps before going to help Ms. Edith because it contributes to limit contamination. Wilson et al. (2014) provide guidelines, which ascertain that healthcare providers must always put on gloves before handling patients to limit the risk of cross-contamination. Therefore, after ensuring the observance if this guideline, she can proceed to help Ms. Edith. In the Room While in the room, the EN can start by helping Ms. Edith to remove her clothes. Then, the nurse can dispose of the clothes appropriately following the specified hospital policy for sluicing. After that, the EN can help maintain the privacy and dignity of Ms. Edith, and assist her in taking a bath. During this time, the nurse must ensure that no part of the body is predisposed to infections. Then, the EN can request for assistance from any nurse in the unit to bring clean clothes, which can be given to Ms. Edith to put on. Besides, Kutzleb et al. (2015) contend that geriatric patients must be allowed to implement self-care because it increases the quality of life and enhances health outcomes. In this case, the general condition of the patient can allow her to put on the clothes, and the EN must allow her to be as independent as possible with minimal assistance. Most importantly, the EN should not touch the clean clothes to prevent cross-infection. Then, the nurse can allow Ms. Edith to use the walking frame as she walks out of the bathroom. Still in the apron, closed shoes and the gloves, the nurse can wash the feces and urine and dispose of appropriately. Alternatively, she can direct junior staff responsible for the work to remove them depending on the hospital policy. Before Leaving the Room The EN needs to observe the universal precautions until the time of leaving the bathroom. During the process, the EN must ensure that no other patients and fellow staff are at risk of infection. After completing the procedure on Ms. Edith, the EN can observe the following four steps. Dispose the gloves and perform hand hygiene. Disposing of the used gloves is the priority intervention in this case because the nurse needs to use the hands on other parts of the body. According to Garus-Pakowska, Sobala, and Szatko (2013), proper disposal of gloves is crucial in the hospital to prevent infecting the hospital staff and the patients. Accordingly, the gloves must be put in an appropriate receiver specified by the hospital. Then the nurse can wash hands with an antiseptic. Dispose the gown and perform hand hygiene. The gown has spills since the nurse assisted Ms. Edith to dress. Therefore, the nurse can touch the areas not having the spills and remove the gown, then dispose of appropriately. Despite touching the places with no fluids on the gown, the nurse can repeat washing hands with an antiseptic to prevent infection. Conclusion Universal precautions are necessary for every hospital setting because they help to reduce the risk of transmission of infections. The case of Ms. Edith is a perfect example of the way nurses predispose themselves to infections. Nurses in this situation can use proper hand washing and other practices such as putting own a gown to prevent infections. Most importantly, the nurse must ensure that other patients and hospital staff are not predisposed to infections by observing the universal precautions. References D'Angelo, J. M. (2012).Milady standard esthetics: fundamentals. Boston, Massachusetts: Milady Cengage Learning. Garus-Pakowska, A., Sobala, W., Szatko, F. (2013). The use of protective gloves by medical personnel.International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health,26(3), 423-429. doi:10.2478/s13382-013-0095-1 Kutzleb, J., Rigolosi, R., Fruhschien, A., Reilly, M., Shaftic, A. M., Duran, D., Flynn, D. (2015). Nurse practitioner care model: meeting the health care challenges with a collaborative team.Nursing Economics,33(6), 297. Retrieved from https://www.nursingeconomics.net/ce/2017/article3306297304.pdf La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Libera, S. D., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M. (2013). Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission.Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanit,49(2), 124-132. doi: 10.4415/ANN_13_02_03 Malliarou, M., Sarafis, P., Zyga, S., Constantinidis, T. C. (2013). The importance of nurses hand hygiene.International Journal of Caring Sciences,6(3), 327. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pavlos_Sarafis/publication/257200630_The_Importance_of_Nurses_Hand_Hygiene/links/02e7e524a0b2f27999000000.pdf Wilson, J., Loveday, H. P., Pratt, R. J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., ... Wilcox, M. (2014). epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, 1-S70. Retrieved from https://www.his.org.uk/files/3113/8693/4808/epic3_National_Evidence-Based_Guidelines_for_Preventing_HCAI_in_NHSE.pdf

Promoting Ethical Behaviours and Corporate Social Responsibility

Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that aims at promoting the continued commitment of companies to behave ethically and contribute to economic development in a bid to achieve positive social and environmental change.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Promoting Ethical Behaviours and Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the contemporary society, most companies have evolved into enormous multi-national organisations that have control over billions of revenue and assets, and thus they contribute greatly to the national economy coupled with wielding substantial power in the community. Thus, corporate social responsibility is an integral management concept of a company that decides to go a further step to contribute towards improving the quality of life of the workforce and the society at large in the future without solely being interested in financial gains, particularly by being interested in charitable accomplishments and environmental stewardship (Kotler Lee 2007). This goal can be achieved by creating jobs for the communities living near a company and acting appropriately to conserve the environment. Ethical issues that the company has faced Unfortunately, despite some companies having the interests of improving the livelihood of the society, corporate scandals have been on the rise. ABCD group, just like most financial companies around the world, is faced with ethical problems that greatly affect its CSR responsibility, which is to improve the well-being of the society. As the managing director of this financial company suggests, its main objective is to create more wealth, and it does not matter who is affected in the process. This company faces serious ethical problems as the person in charge does not seem to be concerned with the origin of wealth and he treats the matter as just another business transaction that is of benefit t o the company. As the company’s policies are not tailored to promote self-control, but to promote the monetary nature, employees have been given the freedom to exploit the customers to enrich themselves through high commissions.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management has given employees the right to rob customers of their hard-earned money and this aspect has a great impact on the lives of the customers, as money is a very important element in the livelihood of humankind. The misconduct and dishonesty by the company’s employees are attributed to fraud and personal interests as well as saving the company by earning more money from customers (Beauchamp 2003). Therefore, handling money without ethical considerations amounts to overlooking a critical moral issue and the unethical behaviour by the financial participants is contributing to a crisis in the fi nancial sector, and thus it should not be ignored. The firm has also failed in fostering an environment of trust between customers and employees as shown by the employee who made a huge transaction on a customer’s account in a bid to have a high commission. Though this act was legal, as the customer had signed an authorisation part that allowed the employee to carry out a transaction without being notified, it certainly cannot be classified as ethical as the investment was not successful and it led to the loss of about 200,000 HKD. This aspect shows that there is no mutual understanding between customers and employees, and thus fraud in the firm can happen easily leading to loss of substantial amounts of money. The clients’ interests should come first and they have a right to be informed on any attempts to access their accounts so that they can also give their informed suggestions on any investment before they commit their money (Velasquez 2011). In this case, the cust omer might have fallen into the deception trap of the ill-minded employee whose main agenda seems to be increasing his commission income and maintaining his job at the company by signing the authorisation part of the agreement.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Promoting Ethical Behaviours and Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management of this firm is to be blamed for these unethical practices amongst employees as its policies encourage employees to make money at the expense of their potential customers. This ethical issue does not only affect the ABCD group, but also other organisations worldwide. Other notable organisations that have been associated with ethical issues are the Wall Street firms in the United States, which almost led to the collapse of the US economy due to questionable business practices. Therefore, the management of the ABCD Company should learn from the et hical lapses of some of the biggest multi-national companies that failed as improved ethical behaviour can contribute in improving the company’s economic performance in addition to respecting ethical values in the interest of the stakeholders (Velasquez 2011). One way that the management can achieve this goal is by not solely being money-oriented and educating employees on the importance of being honest, trustworthy, reliable, and avoiding any kind of fraudulent activities by all means possible. The process can be successful if the managing director monitors employees closely and abundantly rewarding those who make sound ethical considerations while dismissing those who are unethical. How the company has embraced corporate social responsibility As stated above, the ABCD group has been affected by some moral standards and principles that guide the behaviour of employees, thus resulting in unethical behaviours like fraud that might have tarnished its good reputation in the publ ic. The management has realised the need to change the image of the firm to be acceptable and utilised by the society. In a bid to achieve this goal, the firm has embraced corporate social responsibility to improve the livelihoods of the society without sacrificing the well-known main goal, which is financially oriented. For instance, according to the managing director of the firm, is involved in sponsoring a local school during sporting events.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This move is a good initiative as the firm has reshaped its framework from just being a financial institution whose main and only goal is to make profits to an organisation that is involved in charitable events (Bolton Benn 2012). Such sporting events have a great impact on the society, especially on the children who come from poor families as they get sponsorships, which underscores a great opportunity for them to exploit their hidden talents. Thus, by the firm engaging in such a charitable organisation aimed at uplifting the livelihoods of the community, it attracts more customers and investors as they feel that such kind of firm is interested in the welfare of the society. This strategy is also advantageous to the company when it comes to its publicity to the community, as people are made aware of the services that are offered and how they can benefit. Additionally, the company has made another great important step by deciding to incorporate the staff welfare plans with aims o b uilding community relationships by visiting the elderly in the society. As the number of the elderly people in society is increasing drastically, the decision by the manager to let employees visit the elderly twice a month is important and it leads to boosting of the relationship between the firm and the community. This move is also important in promoting ethical behaviours, as some employees who may have been involved in fraudulent activities may be discouraged to do so in the future once they have an opportunity to get advice from the elderly who are considered as the greatest source of wisdom. Employees often feel proud of the organisation that they work for if it is doing notable work, which explains why by visiting the elderly, the employee-employer relationship has developed, as employees are more satisfied with their work. This aspect not only creates a reliable workforce, but also there is less likelihood of employees looking for better jobs elsewhere as their attitude towar ds the company is changed for the better due to the positive impact of the CSR (Urip 2010). Way forward for ABCD group in Hong Kong The firm should realise that to achieve economic prosperity as well as influencing the society it should continue to revise its short-term and long-term policies to keep abreast with the rapid changes that are taking place. Although being socially responsible is the new realism of businesses, the firm should embrace CSR entirely with the aim of not only influencing the local community, but also the global community. Irrespective of the size of the company, it can assist in curbing climatic change, which has affected the livelihoods of many people by engaging in investment activities that are environmentally friendly and adopting energy-efficient practices in its business setups (Urip 2010). The firm can achieve this goal by integrating climatic changes concerns in its daily operations and reporting the development towards the environmental goal. In addi tion, it can be involved actively in the use of renewable sources of energy, such as the use of solar energy. Solar energy, as compared to other sources of energy does not emit hazardous gases that affect the climate and is cheaper. Thus, by using such kind of energy to power electronic gadgets, the company will be preserving the environment for the current and future generations. This aspect is also extremely important, as the company will be stretching beyond statutory obligations by taking additional steps to improve the quality of life for all stakeholders. Conclusion Companies’ management teams should realise that promoting ethical behaviour amongst stakeholders is their responsibility and s unethical behaviour of one individual reflects the laxity of the management in relation to promoting ethical leadership. Promoting ethical behaviours and corporate social responsibility is critical in the success of an organisation, if it will be of benefit to the current and the fut ure generations, and managers are the only force for creating an effective ethical culture. Therefore, the management should draft ethical and corporate social responsibility policies carefully so that all the stakeholders have an understanding on what is expected of them. The policies change individuals’ behaviour coupled with how they interact with customers and this aspect will be of great benefit to the organisation. The company should not be involved in CSR as a way of complying with the law, but with the aim of providing solutions to societal and environmental challenges. Reference List Beauchamp, T. 2003, Case studies in business, society, and ethics, Pearson Publishers, New Jersey Bolton, D. Benn, S. 2012, Key concepts in corporate social responsibility, SAGE Publications, New York. Kotler, P. Lee, N. 2007, Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause, Wiley Publishers, Hoboken. Urip, S. 2010, CSR strategies: corporate social responsibility for a competitive edge in emerging markets, Wiley Publishers, Hoboken. Velasquez, M. 2011, Business ethics: concepts and cases, Pearson Publishers, New Jersey. This report on Promoting Ethical Behaviours and Corporate Social Responsibility was written and submitted by user Neil Guy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Common High School Policies For Recommendation Letters

Common High School Policies For Recommendation Letters SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When should you ask for a recommendation letter? Many high schools answer this question for you with an official timeline and procedure for your recletter requests. In addition to school policy, your teachers might also set rules aroundhow and when to ask for letters of rec. This guide will go over the most common recommendation letter guidelines, as well as some not so common ones that you hopefully won’t encounter (like a lottery system!). To start, let’s consider whichguidelines are set on a school-wide basis and which ones fall into the realm of individual teachers. What Do Schools Say About Recommendation Letters? You should receive directions from your school, or more specifically, your guidance or college counseling office, on two mainsteps: When to ask for letters of rec, and What information to give your teachers. Let's first take a look at the three most common guidelines around when to ask for letters. 1. Ask in the Spring of Junior Year Generally, schools with strong college counseling departments have their students ask for letters in the spring of junior year, usually by April or May. This system tends to be part of the school’s culture, so teachers, mainly th grade teachers, expect to get requests then. Asking later is seen as inappropriate and last minute. 2. Ask Within a Month of Your Deadlines Other schools take a more hands off approach and tell students to ask anytime up to three or four weeks before their deadlines. Larger public schools often use this approach, where students are given more independence and a longertime window in which to make their requests. Some students still may ask in junior year or email their teachers over the summer with a promise to follow up with information in the fall. 3. Submit a List of Names to Your Counselor A third, less common system used by a few schools involves some chance. Students give three names of teachers to college counselors, who then assign each student two teachers. Usually smaller private schools with a large percentage of college-going graduates use this method to ease the burden on teachers who get the most requests. Schools with this system are a bit more strict, while, as you read above, others put the responsibility largely in thehands of students. Most schools, however, have similar guidelines about what information to give to your recommenders. This information typically goes into a "brag sheet." Prepare a Brag Sheet In addition to setting rules for when you ask, your counseling department should give you a packet to fill out to help your recommenders. This packet should include space for you to write your college list and deadlines, as well as a formcommonly referred to as a "brag sheet." Here you'll describe yourself and your goals. There may be space for your parents to contribute their ideas, too. Whatever systems your school uses, there are two best practicesto go by when planning your recommendations: ask early, and give your recommenders a detailed resume and brag sheet. Just how early you ask may depend on your school’s policy, as just described, but it may also be influenced by the teachers you plan to ask. Let’s take a look at what teachers control in this process. Some teachers limit the number of rec letters they'll write, so you have to ask them early! What Do Teachers Say About Recommendation Letters? While your school tells you when and how to ask, your teacher decides how many recommendation letters they’ll write for students. Some don’t set a limit at all, while others set a cap at around fifteento twenty letters. It may be disappointing to learn that your teachers limit their letters, but on the bright side it suggests that they put time and thought into each letter they produce. In a few, unfortunate cases, teachers set a very strict limit and don’t seem too eager to write recommendations. One student on College Confidential talked about how his teacher collected everyone’s requests and drew only six â€Å"winners† out of a hat. Luckily, it’s not common for teachers to set a cap this low or to select students arbitrarily. If you have a good relationship with the teacher and make your request early enough, then she should agree to provide you with a letter of rec. At this point, you may be wondering what your school and teachers have to say about recommendation letter guidelines. If you don’t know already, how can you find out? If you don't know your school's rec letter policy, how can you search for clues? How Can You Learn About Recommendation Letter Guidelines? It’s never too early to find out this information, as you want to get your requests in early and devote a good amount of time to preparing your packet. Ideally, your counselors give you this information during college planning presentations. If not, you can absolutely set up an appointment to meet with your counselor. Prepare a list of questions, like when and how you should ask, and go into the meeting prepared so you find out everything you need to know. Your counselors should also have some advice on which teachers have a reputation for writing strong letters, and which ones get flooded with requests. If your counselor hasn’t already given you the details on your teachers, you can speak to older students, as well as your teachers themselves to find out when’s an ideal time to ask. Even if it’s only halfway through the year, you could tell your th grade teacher that you’re curious about recommendation letters and wonder if she has any special deadline for accepting requests. Even if you’re not ready to ask yet, you can plan when to do so. Some of these concerns are obvious requirements, while some are not so immediately apparent. Why’s it important to make sure you know about all recommendation letter guidelines from all involved parties? Guidelines help make sure your recommendation letters get into the system by your application deadlines. Why Do You Need to Know About Recommendation Letter Guidelines? These guidelines influence when you ask, who you ask, and what information you prepare. By figuring this all out early, you can spend a few weeks deciding who to ask and producing your materials. It’s especially important to put time and thought into your resume and brag sheet, as your recommenders will rely on these documents to write their letters. Not only should your recommenders already have a positive impression of you from class, but giving them thorough materials willalso impress them and show them how seriously you’re taking the college application process. As discussed above, some schools require students to ask in junior year while others take a more hands-off approach. Even if your school doesn’t give you a specific deadline, you might consider asking at the end of th grade. That way you’re fresh in your teachers’ minds, plus you can ensure that you won’t lose a spot to other students who were ahead of the game. If you’re unclear about the answers to any of these questions around recommendation letters, you should definitely speak with your counselor and teachers. Make sure you have the information you need to feel empowered through the process of applying to college. What’s Next? Speaking of the steps you need to apply to college, check out this full guideon how to apply to college. It goes over everything you need to know, from choosing the right classes to taking standardized tests to filling out your application forms. For more on planning your recommendation letters, you can learn about how to request your letters here and why exactly these letters are so important to your overall application. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Battle of Tarawa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Battle of Tarawa - Term Paper Example The battle was meant to stop the Japanese operations in the central regions of the pacific and the Americans initiated it. The United States marine force was the only ones that used amphibious warfare, but were opposed for the first time by the Japanese during this war. After this war, it was discovered that amphibious warfare played a big role in aiding military operations in inaccessible areas. The Political and Strategic Considerations Facing the Americans in the Central Pacific In 1943 Tarawa was the first attempt of the Americans to use amphibious warfare against a highly guarded beach. The United States were fighting to capture the island of Tarawa from the Japanese so that they could use it for their pacific military operations. During this time, the World War II was progressing into the pacific and the U.S navy needed a base in the east to launch their attacks. This was because they needed to be close to the places they were to launch attacks on and Tarawa provided the most v iable base (Tucker 515). The Marianas islands were also a strategic position for the United States navy to launch attacks and hound the Japanese away. These islands provided a close range to access the Philippines, Japan and other areas in the pacific. The islands of Tarawa provided a good base that the United States military would use to capture the Marianas islands hence they needed to base their operation there so that they could capture the Island easily by attacking the Japanese army. The Japanese also knew the importance of this island sand they had increased their defense over the land so that they could use it to conduct their defense operations. The battle started on November 20, 1943 and lasted for three days, but it is among the most callous assaults involving the marines. Since the islands were inaccessible, the United States marine used the sea to launch attacks on the Japanese soldiers who had not incorporated this technology into their defense mechanisms. The United S tates believed that the Japanese could only be defeated by amphibious attacks and they had strategized to defeat Germany, increase pressure on Japan to leave the islands and to keep China in the war (Langone 363). Why the Central Pacific Drive Begun In the Gilbert Islands The central pacific drive was stated in the Gilbert Islands because of their strategic position. They were a territory of the British but were taken up by the Japanese in 1941.they are north and west of other islands that were owned by the Japanese and were south and east of other important bases suitable for defense. These islands provided a suitable place for the Japanese forces to get access to the other parts of their territory since it was accessible unlike other areas. The United States navy aimed at this island so that they could secure a base for attacks on the Japanese. This island would offer good communication channels and other services that would aid in increasing pressure on the Japanese. Attacks from the gilberts islands would foster the United States efforts to attack the Japanese strong holds and this is why capturing the Gilbert Islands was of significant importance. The Key Operational Concerns during the Planning Of Operation Galvanic The Operation Galvanic was started by the United States navy and was intended to take over control of the Gilbert Island

What causes conflict along the nomadsedentary frontier Essay

What causes conflict along the nomadsedentary frontier - Essay Example Nomadism for Pastoralists is apolitical as well as an economic strategy. Nomads use their nomadic movements to maintain household autonomy, to evade domination by other members of their own communities as well as by outsiders, including state authorities.From ancient times the contrast between nomadic and sedentary ways life has been a recurring theme. It is said in the earliest pages of Bible, farmers those who work in the soil and of "those who live in tents and rise livestock". The most familiar nomads are the pastoral nomads of Middle Eastern countries those who moved and even today move with their camels, cattle, sheep, and goats, seeking pasture for them at each season of the year.Nomads often live and move in arid areas of the world where water and soil condition are not in good condition. But they are also to be found in well watered places, where they could have more political power while compared to sedentary agriculturalists.There is a large population of nomadic pastorali sts in North Africa, in arid areas of West Africa, and particularly in such East African countries as the Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. From the Middle Eastern countries through Iran, Pakistan and North India, through to China and Mongolia, Pastoral nomadic remains important as a mode of livelihood.Travel with their herds. They are widely found in the Alps and in other mountains areas in Europe and was fixed dwelling in both winter and summer areas. Pastoral nomads contribute greatly to the economic activity of the country, like they sell or exchange pastoral products for grain, cloth, weapons, and other trade goods. Pastoral nomads are able to define themselves according to their priorities as long as they remain nomads like they proved themselves long access to milk, to sustain long- term relationship with members of their own communities, and to build the power and prestige in accordance with their own values and culture. Nomadism for Pastoralists is apolitical as well as an economic strategy. Nomads use their nomadic movements to maintain household autonomy, to evade domination by other members of their own communities as well as by outsiders, including state authorities. Typically Pastoral nomads rely on their own organization, military skills, and weapons to defend their herds and pastures against raiders and to add to their own herds and pastures by raiding others. The military skills that are an advantage for Pastoral nomadians can be used for other purposes and throughout history pastoralists have repeatedly conquered sedentary populations and established dynasties and ruling elites over them. Mongol conquerors in china, central Asia and Russia provide one of the best known examples. The Mongol conquest was the most world- changing event of this era. Barfield says, "The exceptional nature of the Mongol Empire has been largely misunderstood because, as the most powerful nomadic state that ever exited , it was presumed to be the culmination of political evolution on the steppe rather than the exception that it was," (Barfield 1991,48). The Chinnggis rose to power with marginal support even as his own relatives opposed him. His conquest led to Yuan dynasty. He did not rely on kinship to organize his supporters but rather on loyalty and autocratic control. His main supporters were friends and retainers and his political organization rejected the imperial confederacy model whereas the Mongol state was based on the principles of centralized administration and tribal leadership were abolished. A rigid discipline came which unknown among nomads were followed .But after the fall of Mongol Empire the traditional nomads system with imperialism came into existence. After Chinggis's rule it was only with Khubilai that the Mongols took up the responsibility of ruling northern china rather than despoiling it. The Mongol Empire for the first time united most of Eurasia into a single empire whereas western Europe remained outside the Mongol Empire. The Mongol success can be said in the following ways: First the states they attacked in western Asia were weak and vulnerable to conquest. Their ecological adaptations were much more fragile than was the case in

Green Building Certification in Malaysia

Green Building Certification in Malaysia ABSTRACT Green Building is very famous in advanced country like USA, Australia, Europe, Japan and Korea. These countries started to develop green building ratings since 20 years ago. However, Malaysia had recently launched of Green Building Index (GBI) but it is still early stage. This introduction signifies a new benchmark for Malaysia building and industry. This research purpose is to find out the implementation green building certification in Malaysia. Three main research objectives are addressed: i) the benefits of green building in Malaysia. ii) the barriers of implementation of green building in Malaysia, and iii) the potential of green building development in Malaysia. Questionnaire has been distributed to the different developer firm to get respondents answer. Throughout the surveys, the view of advantages of green building has been identified. Besides that, the barriers and solutions of implementing green building in Malaysia also have been identified. CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Title A study on Green Building Certification in Malaysia 1.2 Problem Statement Green Building is very famous in advanced country like USA, Australia, Europe, Japan and Korea. These countries started to develop green building since 20 years ago. However, the recent launch of the Green Building Index (GBI) in Malaysia, it is still in the early stage. Due to the reason that green building is a new concept in Malaysia, therefore, a research was conducted in order to study on green building certification in Malaysia. 1.3 Aim and Objectives 1.3.1 Aim To study the implementation of Green Building Certification in Malaysia 1.3.2 Objectives The objective is to: To determine the benefits of green building in Malaysia To determine the barriers of implementation of green building in Malaysia To identify the potential of green building development in Malaysia 1.4 Background Environmental activists have called us to go green for years. The typhoon that recently hit the Philippines and a series of earthquakes that rocked Indonesia are also clear indications that we need to put much more effort into going green to ensure Earths sustainability. Malaysia has recently introduced Green Building Index; it is the first certification tool. The green rating system is to give opportunity for the developers to design and construct green, sustainable building that can provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment, better connectivity to public transport and the adoption of recycling and greenery for their projects. 1.5 Scope of Study The research study will be focus on the implementation of green building certification in Malaysia. Aware benefits of green building, the barriers and how to make it successful and potential of green development in our country. The designed questionnaires will be sent to the company in Malaysia. 1.6 Research Methodology In order to achieve the objectives, primary and secondary source like relevant books, journal, articles, conference paper and newspaper are important for information collection. All these information can be sourced from TARC library and internet website. Next, the questionnaires will be sending by postal mail, by hand or email to relevant companies in Malaysia. Figure 1 refers the flow chart methodology for the research. CHAPTER 2 2.0 Green Building Certification in Malaysia 2.1 Introduction This chapter discusses on the definition of green building and follow by the benefits of construct green building. Then, the following will discuss about what the green building certification is and what the assessment rating systems in some developed countries are. After that, this chapter also will briefly introduce the Malaysia Green Building Index (GBI) and also examples of success green building in Malaysia. Besides that, the barriers of implementation green building in Malaysia will be discussed in this chapter. 2.2 Definition of green building There are few definitions for green building. The United State Green Building Council (2009) had defined green building is a high performing home thats energy and water efficient, has good indoor air quality, uses environmentally sustainable materials and also uses the building lot or site in a sustainable manner. Besides, according to Thomas (2008) green building refers as a building that provides the specified building performance requirements while minimizing disturbance to and improving the functioning of local, regional and global ecosystems both during and after its construction and specified service life. According to Stacey (2008), in her article she defines green building is a home-building concept that uses design, construction and maintenance to create more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. By referring to The Star Newspaper (7 September 2008) defines green building are designed to save energy and resources, recycle materials and minimize the emission of toxic substances throughout its life cycle, harmonies with the local climate, traditions, culture and the surrounding environment, able to sustain and improve the quality of human life whilst maintaining the capacity of the ecosystem at local and global levels, buildings make efficient use of resources and have significant operational savings and increases workplace productivity. So, green building can be summarize as also refers to sustainable or high-performance building, means having a significantly reduced impact on the Earths resources compared to conventional building. It is also means creating building that is healthier and more comfortable for its occupants, consequently enhancing productivity. 2.3 Benefits of Green Building Green is an opportunity to use natural resources efficiently while creating healthier building that improve human, build a better environment and provide cost saving. A green building are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting occupant health, improving employee productivity, using energy, water and resources more efficiently and reducing the overall impact to the environment (Aysin, 2000). By referring to Freed (2008), green building offer to help protect the planets natural resources. A green building has the potential to provide a healthier and more comfortable environment, improve long-term economic performance, incorporate energy and water efficient technologies, reduce construction and demolition waste, bring higher resale value and building valuations, use renewable energy to lower the cost of electricity and improve indoor air quality and occupant satisfaction. Besides that, all these benefits can save long term cost. Some potential benefits of green building can include environmental benefits, economic benefits and social benefits. These benefits summarized as below: Environmental benefits: Enhance and protecting ecosystems and biodiversity Improve air and water quality Reduce solid waste Preserve natural resource Economic benefits: Reduce operating costs Enhance asset value and profits Improve employee productivity and satisfaction Optimize life-cycle economic performance Social benefits: Enhance occupant comfort and health Improve air, thermal, and acoustic environments Minimize strain on local infrastructure Contribute overall quality of life 2.4 Green Building Certification 2.4.1 What is Green Building Certification? Green building certifications were conceived to assist Architect, Engineer, Designers, Builder, Developer and users make to understand the choice that can be make the design of the building and to reduce the negative impacts of environment. 2.4.2 What are those available? As Ting (2009) notes in his articles, there are more than 100 types of environmental rating tool available globally. Green building is very famous in developed country such as United Kingdom, United State, Australia, Hong Kong and Japan. These countries started to develop green building since 20 years ago. Ding (2007) named a number of assessment rating systems in some developed countries. The below discuss the existing well-known rating system. United Kingdom: Building Research Establishment Assessments Method (BREEAM) This Building Research Establishment (BRE) Program was created over a decade ago in United Kingdom to assess the environmental performance of both new and existing buildings. BREEAM assesses performance of buildings in the areas of management, energy use, health and comfort, pollution, transport, land use, ecology, materials, and water. Credits are awarded in each area based on upon performance. Buildings are rated Pass, Good, Very Good, and Excellent. BREEAM can apply to offices, homes, industrial units, and school. United States: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) LEED is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council. It is consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. LEED rating system are available or under development for new commercial construction and major renovations (NC), existing building operations (EB), commercial interiors (CI), core and shell projects (CS), homes (H), and neighborhood development (ND). LEED provides a complete framework for assessing building performance and meeting sustainability goals. Based on well-founded scientific standards, LEED emphasizes state-of-the-art strategies for sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. United State: Energy Star The Energy Star program is a voluntary government and industry partnership that seeks to make it easy for businesses and consumers to save money and protect the environment. This program for Buildings awards a plaque to buildings that achieve a rating of 75 or higher and have been professionally verified to meet current indoor environmental standards. By using the programs benchmarking tool, a buildings performance on a scale of 1 to 100 relative to similar buildings nationwide is obtained. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM) HK-BEAM is a voluntary system to measure, improve, and label the environmental performance of the buildings. The system has been used on 100 buildings to date. The system applies to both new and existing buildings. In the category of materials topics such as: the efficient use of materials (building reuse), selection of materials (renewable and recycled), and waste management (demolition and construction waste). Japan: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) The system is a cooperative development of academic, industrial, and government agencies. The systems assessment tools include a pre-design assessment tool, a design for environmental tool, an eco-labeling tool, and a sustainable operation and renovation tool. Netherlands: Eco-Quantum The Eco-Quantum is the only method that explicitly and comprehensive based on life-cycle assessment. Asses the environmental burden of a complete building on the basis of LCA. It also compares the environmental performance of various measures concerning energy-saving installations, water-saving techniques, material choice, design and location. The Eco-Quantum is only applicable to single residential buildings. Australia: Green Star The Green Star Environmental Rating System for Buildings was created to set a standard of measurement for green buildings in Australia. The rating system is a voluntary national program that evaluates the environmental performance of buildings. Green Star Rating Systems have been developed for commercial buildings only. Each of the rating systems includes the following categories: management, indoor environmental quality, energy, transport, water, materials, land use, site selection and ecology, and emission. Each category contains credits awarded based on achieving the required level in the building. Credits in the materials category are awarded for providing storage for recycling waste, reuse of facade, reuse of structure, shell, and core, recycled content of concrete, recycled content of steel, PVC minimization, and use of sustainable timber. 2.5 Malaysia Green Building Index (GBI) After some studies in different green building rating schemes around the globe, Malaysia set up a rating scheme to suit the local market; it is called Green Building Index (GBI). Malaysian GBI is an environmental rating system for buildings developed by Green Building Index Sdn Bhd under the supervision of the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) and Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM).The Malaysia GBI was first introduced in January this year and launched in May 2009. This introduction signifies a new benchmark for the Malaysia building and industry. 2.5.1 What is GBI? According to Chin (2009), the GBI is Malaysias industry recognized green rating tool for building and it is intended to promote sustainability in the built environment and raise awareness among Developers, Architect, Engineers, Planners, Designers, Contractors and Public about the environmental issues and our responsibility to the future generations. GBI rating tool gives an opportunity for developers to design and construct green building that would provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment, better connectivity to public transport and adoption of recycling and greenery for the projects and reduce impact of environment. GBI will be the only rating tool for the tropical zones other than Singapore Governments GREENMARK. Besides that, GBI is expected to be applied to new buildings in Malaysia. 2.5.2 GBI Rating System Referring to Chen (2009), the projects or building would be assessed and rated based on six keys criteria. These criteria will be discussed as follow:- Energy Efficiency Indoor Environmental Quality Sustainable Site Planning Management Material and Resources Water Efficiency Innovation 2.5.2.1 Energy Efficiency Use of renewable energy, lighting zoning and low energy consumption 2.5.2.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Mould and air pollutants prevention, thermal comfort, natural lighting. These will involve the use of low volatile organic compounds-free paints and formaldehyde-free composite wood, particle boards and plywood. 2.5.2.3 Sustainable Site and Management site selection with planned access to public transport, community services, open spaces and landscaping, redevelopment of existing sites and Brown fields (abandoned land or former industrial sites), avoidance of environmentally sensitive sites, construction management (proper earthworks and pollution control) and storm water management 2.5.2.4 Materials and Resources Use of environment-friendly, recycled materials and sustainable timber; storage and collection of recyclables; construction waste management; and reuse of construction formwork 2.5.2.5 Water Efficiency Rainwater harvesting, water recycling and water-saving fittings 2.5.2.6 Innovation Innovative design and initiatives 2.5.3 GBI Rating Tools The rating system is comprised of two separate tools, namely the GBI Residential and Non-Residential respectively. 2.5.3.1 GBI Residential The GBI Residential Rating tool evaluates the sustainable aspects of residential buildings. This includes linked houses, apartments, condominiums, townhouses, semi-detached and bungalows. This tool places more emphasis on sustainable site planning management, followed by energy efficiency. This serves to encourage developers and home owners to consider the environmental quality of homes and their inhabitants through better site selection, provisions of public transport access, increased community services and connectivity, as well as improved infrastructure. Such achievement will help reduce the negative impact to the environment and create a better and safer place for residents and the community as a whole. (Chen, 2009) 2.5.3.2 GBI Non-Residential The GBI Non-Residential Rating tool evaluates the sustainable aspects of buildings that are commercial, institutional and industrial in nature. This includes factories, offices, hospitals, universities, colleges, hotels and shopping complexes. Of the six criteria that make up the GBI rating, emphasis is placed on energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality as these have the greatest impact in the areas of energy use and well-being of the occupants and users of the building. By improving on the efficiency of active (mechanical and electrical) systems as well as incorporating good passive designs together with proper sustainable maintenance regimes, significant reductions in consumed energy can be realised. This can lead to a reduced carbon footprint and also offers long-term savings for the building owners. (Chen, 2009) 2.6 Green Building in Malaysia There are some success low energy buildings achieved by Malaysia government. They are LEO (Low Energy Office) building and ZEO (Zero Energy Office). 2.6.1 LEO Building The LEO (Low Energy Office) Building located in Putrajaya, which houses the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communication (MEWC). The LEO building demonstrates a complete integration of the best energy efficiency measures, optimised towards achieving the overall best cost or effective solution, with a targeted energy consumption of 135 W/m2/year. (Lim, 2007) Danish Agency for Development Assistance (DANIDA) and local experts had in cooperation with Malaysia architects and engineers optimised the overall design of the building and its energy systems for minimum energy consumption since 2001. (UNDP, 2006) Characteristic of LEO building discusses as below:- Most of the LEO building glazing windows installed facing north and south to minimize heat gain from the sun radiation before entering the building interior. This means that it can reduce cooling load. The roof has been insulated with 100mm of polystyrene foam and the installation of a second roof provides shade to the building. 2.6.2 ZEO Building The ZEO (Zero Energy Office) Building is an administration-cum-research office for Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre), following the success of LEO building which hosted the MEWC in Putrajaya while the ZEO building was located in Bandar Baru, Selangor. By referring to PV database (2006), the ZEO building is a demonstrator building which marked another milestone towards greater promotion and adoption of sustainable building concept in the Malaysia building sector. ZEO is the only such building in Malaysia that integrates the energy efficiency and renewable energy in one working demonstrator building. The ZEO building was designed to be very energy efficient, thus consuming very little fossil fuels with energy index of 65 kWh/m2/year. It was built on a concept which focused on the green technology innovation to minimize energy demand load, efficient use of fossil fuel via taking into account the environmental concern, the usage of renewable energy but without compromising user comfort and safety. Some of the amount of energy used by the building is counter balanced by the amount of energy generated by its own renewable energy power generation system. According to Roxul Asia Sdn Bhd (2009), the super low energy characteristic is achieved by using passive and active energy efficient elements and renewable energy elements as follows:- The design of the ZEO building only allows double glazing windows installed on faà §ade facing north and south. The windows are consists of two pane glass which functioned to filter heat from the sun radiation before entering the building interior. This means that only cold daylight entered and giving free lighting to the buildings. Besides that, it also means that artificial electric light can be turned off during the day hence reducing the energy load of the building. Almost 100% lighting requirements are from this free source. The buildings cooling system is unique because it is a combination of radiant cooling and air convection system. The radiant cooling and ice storage was charge at night and stored at the floor slabs and ice storage tank respectively. The entire building was controlled with a Building Energy Management System where all buildings system operation is controlled automatically. The system also functions to monitor all energy consumption activities and energy generation in ensuring the building operates efficiently. 2.7 Barriers to green building implementation in Malaysia The following points contributed to the lack of implementation of green building in Malaysia. Lack of knowledge regarding green building Green is still a relatively new concept for the construction industry in developing countries of South-East Asia like Malaysia. Hence the greatest barriers are the lack of understanding of the need for green design. Many Fewer developers undertake green building projects Many developers are not aware of the concept of green building and so are naturally fewer developers undertake the green building projects. Besides that, to build green building takes too much time to learn and design. Expensive Client or developer unwilling to spend money because the initial cost is high although has proved that green building can save long term cost. The green building has its price the costs of green building are expensive as compare to normal building. 2.8 Conclusion To provide sustainable, green, or low energy developments is an important way forward for Malaysia. Although Malaysia has adopted some of these aforementioned measures but most are still at voluntary stage and needs further enforcements. All fractions of society from politicians, authorities, professionals, NGOs, educators, contractors, developers and the public at large must take concerted and swift actions to share the responsibilities to sustain our limited resources for future generations. CHAPTER 3 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter explains about the method that have been use to carry out this research, in order to achieve the objective of the research. Instead of achieving information through primary and secondary source like textbook, journal, conference papers, report and questionnaires will be carried out. Then the data need to be analyzed and presented in a form of table, pie chart and graph, so it is easy to understand and readable. 3.2 Research Methodology The research will go through several phases:- Identify the objectives Literature Review Data Collection Method of Analysis Example of calculation Conclusion 3.2.1 Identify the objective and mission of the research GBI is a rating tool to promote environment-friendly buildings for the future of Malaysia. Therefore, it is important to identify the important of green building, the difficulties and solutions of implementation green building and also the potential in the development in green building. 3.2.2 Literature Review Literature review also known as secondary data. Secondary data is a data that we get before a research has been carried out. It is important to help us for better understand about the research. The information for the literature review can be achieve through primary and secondary source like textbook, journal, conferences papers, report and questionnaires will be carried out. Based on the literature review, we can prepare for the questionnaire in order to collect the primary data. 3.2.3 Data Collection Process of collection primary data is one of the important phase in achieve the objectives of the research. The first step is to get response from the construction firm such as developer. This method is more practical, easy and the ideas from the respondent can be easily identified. 3.2.3.1 Questionnaire Data collection process started with the preparation of questionnaire form. It is important to get the response from the respondent. The questionnaire had been sending by post or by hand or email to the respondent. The questionnaire consists of 5 questions which are related to the objectives. The rationales for each question will be discussed as follows: Question 1: Did your company involve in any project which is classified as Green Building? Rationale: The purpose of asking this question is to determine that whether the respondents company had involving in the green building construction project. Besides, this question also can know whether in future our country will have another green building or not. Question 2: In your opinion, what is the best to address the important of green building? Rationale: This is rated question, is set in likert scales, which respondents need to answer the question whether is strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. This question is intent to know what are the criteria is the best to address the important of green building in Malaysia. Question 3: What are the difficulties of implementation green building in Malaysia? Rationale: The rationale of asking this question is to find out what are the barriers of implementation green building in Malaysia. Question 4: What are the ways to speed up implementation of green building in Malaysia? Rationale: The purpose of asking this question is to find out the solutions of implementing the concept of green building in Malaysia. Question 5: In your opinion, do you think Malaysia has high potential in the development of green building? Rationale: The purpose of asking this question is to find out the future green building development in Malaysia whether is positive or negative. 3.2.4 Method of Analysis After findings have been obtained from the questionnaire surveys, an appropriate analysis and presentation of the survey results will be done in Chapter 4. Basically, two main types of analysis method are used. They are: 3.2.4.1 Descriptive statistics method Descriptive statistics are used to explore the data collected and to summarize and describe the data. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. The results will later analyze and presented in a form of table, pie chart and graph to analyze the response in percentage and this is the simplest method of and it is easy to understand and readable. This type of analysis is used to analyze closed-ended and ranking questions. (Naoum, 1997, p103) Question other than Question 2 will be analyzed using this method. 3.2.4.2 Using Formula The average index is calculated based on the 5-Likert Scale Formula as follows. (Tam et. al., 2001) 5-Likert Scale Formula (5N5 + 4N4 + 3N3 + 2N2 + N1 ) Important Index = 5(N5 + N4 + N3 + N2 + N1 ) Where, N1 = Total respondents choosing strongly disagree N2 = Total respondents choosing disagree N3 = Total respondents choosing neutral N4 = Total respondents choosing agree N5 = Total respondents choosing strongly agree This method is particularly useful to analyse the ranking or rating data which is normally uses integers in ascending or descending order. The results will tabulated into table form stated the ranking possesses by each option for the question. In the questionnaire conducted, Question 2 will be analysing using the said method. 3.2.5 Conclusion Put simply, the process of research methodology utilized can be simplified as shown in the figure below:- CHAPTER 4 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction The study focuses on the construction firm in Malaysia. A set of questionnaires were prepared for the respondents. The respondents were developers. The questionnaires are sent either by postal mail, email or by hand to the respondents. The questionnaire survey takes months for distributing and collecting back from respondents. Unfortunately, most of the construction firms concerned do not show their co-operation in answering the questions surveyed, since there are only 20 copies out of 50 copies (30 by email, 3 by hand , and 17 by postal mail) collected back. Therefore, it equals to only 40% of the respondents replied to the said survey. For instances, majority of the top management in the company does not have time (either busy or other personal reasons) to take part in the survey and normally will command their staff to take over in answering the survey questionnaires. Besides, industry fatigue and unconcern is so obvious in the sense that they do not pay attention to academic surv ey conducted by student even though they have been approached to the doorstep or postal mail attached with return stamped envelope. Chart 1 below shows the feedback from the respondents. 4.2 Result and Analyse Question 1: Did your company involve in any project which is classified as Green Building? All of the respondents have answer that they are not involving in any project which is classified as green building. This answer clearly to tell us that there are no green building been construct in Malaysia. Question 2 In your opinion, what is the best to address the important of green building in Malaysia? As shown in Chart 3, 60% of the respondents agreed that the difficulties of implementing the green building in Malaysia are lack of knowledge regarding green building. 30% of the respondents have the view that the cost of green building is expensive and 10% of them think that there are fewer developers undertake green building projects. 60% of respondents think that lack of knowledge regarding green building is the barriers of implementation green building. Green building is very famous in other country but not in Malaysia. There is only few green building in Malaysia thus there were less people know about the importance of constructing green building. 30% of the respondents in the opinion that the difficulty of implementing green building in Malaysia is there is 10% of the respondents in the opinion that the difficulty of implementing green building in Malaysia is there were fewer developers undertake green building. Question 4 What are the ways to speed up implementation of green building in Malaysia?