Why Did The Cuban Revolution Of 1959 Become A Marxist...

Why did the Cuban revolution of 1959 become a Marxist revolution? The Cuban Revolution of 1959 has been extraordinary in all respects. Not only the small number of men, Fidel Castro accumulated to overturn the dictatorial Fulgencio Batista was remarkable, but also the seizure of power of Castro and his 26th of July Movement differs from all other communist revolutions. While communist revolutions are usually pushed forward by the communist parties of the respective country, in this case of 1959 the overturn was not achieved by the Popular Socialist Party (PSP) of Cuba (Brown 2010: 293), but rather by a few very audacious guerrillas who did not even have ‘a real party, a real army or a real program’ (Brown 2010: 299). It is also extraordinary that Cuba had a formally democratic system before Castro started his revolution; even if it was very corrupt (Brown 2010: 293). While some argue that Castro was already a Marxist before he seized power in 1959, this essay will argue that it was a gradual process that made Castro shift towards comm unism. It was the circumstances he found himself entangled in after overturning Batista that truly made him become Marxist (Roda 2012: 1). He did not have a well-defined ideology when he started his revolution and only developed it after he seized power. Even though Fidel started reading literature of Marx and Lenin already in the 1940s, it was his idol Josà © Martà ­ and his literature that shaped his view of the world. It was furthermoreShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1360 Words   |  6 PagesMost prominently known as the face of a repressive dictatorship, Fidel Castro governed Cuba for nearly five decades (1959-2006) achieving both successes and failures throughout the course of his rule. His rise to power as Prime Minister in 1959 saw Cuba become the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere, improving relations with the Soviet Union but at the cost of a trade embargo with the United States. During the period of the Cold War, Castro played a signif icant role in allowing missilesRead MoreWhat Was the Cause of the Cuban Revolution?1245 Words   |  5 Pagesorganized criminal activity, just like in Godfather Aspect 2). In 1951 he joined the competition to become President again, but when a study revealed him in last position he organized a second hen house and seized energy again. After the 1952 hen house Batista experienced large community disapproval and municipal disobedience, along with a revolt cause by Fidel Castro which was mashed (dont fear, Castro becomes essential again later). The US had many linked with Cuba, which legalized betting in and createRead MoreCuban Revolution Extended Essay4117 Words   |  17 PagesTo what extent were Fidel Castro’s policies consistent to his pre-revolutionary goals? Abstract goes here Introduction. In 1959, Fidel Castro led a group of rebel forces to end and overthrow Fulgencio Batista’s regime in an effort to free the Cuban people from his tyrannous rule. For very many different political reasons this has been portrayed as an act of great injustice and hypocrisy in the modern world. A lot of this has of course been advocated primarily by the US due to the high levelRead MoreFidel Castros Impact on Cuba, America, and the World1359 Words   |  6 Pages Fidel Castro, resigned now, and still living, was the dictator of the Cuban nation. He has had an big impact on America, and he an impact on our world. Fidel Castro was a Cuban dictator for a long time coming. Fidel Castro becoming a dictator not only affected the United States, but his arrival affected the world around us. Fidel Castro was a man who had a target on his head. Lots of people from all over the world wanted him dead. Fidel Castro wasn’t a capitalist person, he was a CommunistRead MoreChe Guevara: Iconic Hero or Failed Revolutionary? Essay2365 Words   |  10 PagesThe story of Ernesto Guevara, a child who was born to a well-to-do Argentine family who went on to become a medical doctor sounds like a success story. Ernesto Guevara probably isn’t a name many people recognize, add the word â€Å"Che† to the name—Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara—and many people recognize the name of a famed revolutionary of the 1960’s. Even now, forty-four years after his death, his name and image remain popular. To some Che Guevara is idolized as a man of the people, a freedom fighter for theRead MoreResearch Paper on Che Guevara4218 Words   |  17 PagesResearch Paper on Chà © Guevara | Globalization | 11-10-2012 | Table of contents Introduction 2 Revolution 3 Chà © Guevara’s existence, and relationship with revolution 4 The Cuban Revolution 8 The Influence of Chà © Guevara on Latin America 12 Conclusion 17 Bibliography 18 Introduction I decided to write this research paper because we were assigned to find an issue or subject within Latin America to write about. One of the most widely known and influential revolutionaryRead MoreEssay about History of Religion in Communist Cuba1965 Words   |  8 Pagesevolution of religion in Cuba, after Castro’s insurrection in 1959, has included much suppression by its proclaimed atheist, communistic government. There are several reasons that account for why this suppression has occurred, coupled by a recent trend (beginning in the late 1980s) of a religious revival, and more importantly, a growing Christian population within Cuban society. This growing spirituality can be attributed to many aspects of the Cuban economy and society. Also, it is important to observeRead MoreThe Relationship of USA and Russia: Cubas Negative Impact Essay1952 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween 1959 and the summer of 1963 because of Castro’s revolution in Cuba. This increased tensions between the two superpowers, as Castro was a Marxist who had overthrown Batista who was a pro America dictator. This angered America as now they had a communist country right next to them. America did not want communism to spread out of Eastern Europe, and they were using policies of containment to stop the spread. This revolution led America to stopped buying Cuban sugarRead More Modern Communism: Marx, Engles, Lenin, and Stalin Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pages Karl Marx never saw his ideals and beliefs, as the founding father of communist thought, implemented in the world and society because he died in 1883.1 The communist ideology did not rise to power until the beginning of the 20th century. Then it would be implemented and put into practice in the largest country in the world producing a concept that would control half of the world’s population in less than 50 years. The Manifesto of the Communist Party, written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels,Read MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Essay examples2468 Words   |  10 Pagesmocked through the ambiguity of â€Å"equal.† Equality, in the tightest definition, places all members of society at the same socioeconomic levels. The â€Å"more equal than others† connotates that equality can be added like a unit, and equality can essentially become unequal. The revolt’s later ideals do not align with the original idea of equality. Also in this defamatory tale, situational irony is used in an attempt to poke fun at our supreme totalitarianism. The original revolt revolved around the replacement

The Dow Jones Sustainability Index - 1793 Words

The Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) was launched in 1999, making its name as the world’s first leading global benchmark for sustainability. This index consists of the top 10% of the largest 2,500 companies in terms of sustainability. Corporate sustainability is the business approach that formulates long-term shareholder value by grasping opportunities and controlling risks created from economic, environmental and social development. Sustainability serves as opportunities and risks that companies must adjust to and is critical to the creation of long-term shareholder value, especially in an increasingly resource constrained world. The DJSI has become an effective engagement platform as it encourages competition among companies for a†¦show more content†¦If companies that meet a certain size criteria decide not to participate, RobecoSAM completes the questionnaire to their fullest extent based on publically available information. The â€Å"Assessed Universe† is created following the results of the CSA questionnaire as a result of companies are ranked against peers according to their Total Sustainability Score. RobecoSAM then continues to monitor new coverage of the companies in the universe on a daily basis, whether it is through media stories, RepRisk, and etc., in order to analyze the company’s involvement with the environmental, social, economic issues that may negatively effect one’s reputation and core business. Through careful observation of the universe, RobecoSAM is able to in decide whether a company’s policies, processes, management systems, and commitments shape into excellent positive performance. RobecoSAM then has 59 industries roll up into 24 global industry groups so that the top scoring company from each is included on the DJSI. Not only does RobecoSAM stand as the basis for the development of the DJSI, but it also provides insights used to conduct empirical in-house research or is used to measure the impact of corporate sustainability performance on financial performance. The triple bottom line is measured in three different categories including social, environmental, and financial factors. The financial factors are easy to measure

Privacy Issues in Internet of Things-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Internet of things. Answer: Internet of Things: The interconnection between the physical devices, buildings, vehicles, software, electronics, sensors, actuators, and the connectivity network is called as Internet of things. The network infrastructure is capable of controlling and sensing the IoT objects. It helps in improving efficiency, accuracy, and reducing the human intervention. The applications of cyber physical system are smart grid, smart homes, virtual power plant, smart cities, and intelligent transportation. The focus of IoT is providing machine to machine communication with the help of variety of protocols, application, and domains (Friess, 2013). The connectivity of devices helps in collecting more data. IOT security methodology helps in in improving the performance of the IoT analytics. The advantages of using IoT are that it helps in reducing costs, improving the efficiency of the processes, helps in effective utilization of assets, and increased productivity. The connection between people, processes, and businesses helps in smooth flow of information (Lord, 2014). Privacy issues in IoT: The value services are provided by the IoT by improving quality of life and providing new opportunities to the in the open market. The cloud technologies, big data paradigms wireless sensor netwroks, peer to peer networks, and others are the technologies which are used for leveraging the IOT system. The use of wireless sensors in the IoT application raises the problems like accessibility, accuracy, availability, and confidentiality (Simon, 2017). In the IoT environment the security problems are associated with data collection phase and transmission, processing, and storage of data throughout the life cycle. Some of the privacy issues are listed below: Privacy issues related with the design of IoT. In the process of tracking the threats Preserving privacy from the middleware in the internet of things Enhancing recovery from unconventional resources. Privacy issues related to big data in IoT Preserving privacy in data collection and mining methods Responsibility and accountability Privacy issues related to the use of cloud technology Use of new cryptographic methods in IoT environment Anonymization of IoT technology In the development of proactive privacy model Compliance with ethical and legal standards for IoT devices. Unauthorised accessing of data Internet is equipped with threat and vulnerabilities Machine to machine interaction Contract information with M2M Availability of information Unauthorised accessing of services Changes in the information used for communication Attacks of viruses and malwares Network security Code resources management Operator replacement The following diagram gives the clear description of security concern for the IoT: Trends and Methodology: The following table shows the trends in the IoT application: Particulars Description Intelligence The ambient intelligence and autonomous control are the integral part of the internet of things. The driving force helps in driving objects. The intelligent entities are auto-organised for bringing interoperability with virtual objects. Architecture The bottom up approach and the event driven architecture are the basic methodologies for the deterministic process. The semantic webs are created for the services, avatars, and components. Network architecture The huge scalability and network space is required for handling network devices in IoT environment. The edge devices are used for analysing and processing of data for achieving real time scalability. Complexity The closed loops are used for designing the complex system of the IoT devices. The systems are equipped with mitigation of risks, privacy, reliability, and control. The following roadmap shows the trends in the technology of IoT: Methodology: The installation and the configuration of devices are governed by the documentation. The monitoring and testing of devices helps in predicting vulnerabilities within the devices. The devices are tested separately. The security of the communication is directed by reverse engineering methods. The unauthorised access of data in the cloud environment should be checked by running active test (Rosa, 2015). The back-end cloud services are associated with the monitoring of traffic to assess devices security. Geo encryptions of IoT: The encryption practices which are used for securing the IoT services are: Allowing cryptographic methodology: Test: Does the communication can be protected by strong cryptographic methods? Impact: The authentication credentials are required for allowing encrypted communication in protecting data in the transition process. Requirement of cryptography: Test: Does the user required to use cryptography for using the IOT services? Impact: The strong cryptography methods helps in reducing the change of data leakage. It also helps in overcoming the problem of weaknesses of the network and user error. Enforcement of using strong passwords: Test: Password strength guidelines should be followed by the user in creating passwords: Impact: The cost of attacking can be increased by using strong passwords because the attacker has to use brute force or other algorithms for attacking (Cognizant Report, 2017). The cracking of passwords requires more effort and time. TLS certificate validation: Test: The TLS certificates should be used for validation Impact: The man in the middle attack arises due to the improper validation certificates. With the use of TLS certificate the problem of man in the middle attack can be resolved Authentication provided to Device to service: Test: Strong authentication mechanism should be used by the devices: Impact: The failure of device give rise to vulnerabilities. The communication session should be maintained between the devices and services (Morchan, 2014). Protection provided to sensitive data Test: The control services should use encryption methodology for carrying out communication Impact: The sensitivity of the data requires adequate protection from the passive observers (Arockiam, 2016). The passive observer looks for the flow of network traffic. It requires the encryption methodologies. Replay attacks should be protected: Test: The adequate protection should be planned against the replay of attacks Impact: Sometimes the protocols are not well designed to protect the data from attack. The weaknesses of the attack should remove for protecting the devices from unauthorised access in the future (Kumar, 2014). The debugging of the interface should be periodically performed to check the efficiency of the protocol. Conclusion: The IoT is the machine to machine technology which makes use of sensor and actuators to develop a smart environment. The privacy and security concerns should be periodically reviewed for increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the IOT services. The intelligent connection between people, devices, and processes can be made with the help of IoT services. References: Arockiam, L. (2016).A study of security issues and challenges in IoT. Retrieved from https://www.ijesmr.com/doc/Archive-2016/November-2016/5.pdf Cognizant Report. (2017).Safeguarding the internet of things. Retrieved from https://www.cognizant.com/whitepapers/safeguarding-the-internet-of-things-codex2465.pdf Friess, P. (2013).Internet of things- converging technologies for smart environment. Retrieved from https://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Converging_Technologies_for_Smart_Environments_and_Integrated_Ecosystems_IERC_Book_Open_Access_2013.pdf Kumar, S. (2014).A survey of internet of things: Security and privacy issues. Retrieved from https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume90/number11/pxc3894454.pdf Lord, S. (2014).The internet of things: An introduction to privacy issues. Retrieved from https://www.priv.gc.ca/media/1808/iot_201602_e.pdf Morchan, O. (2014).Privacy in the internet of things: Threats and challenges. Retrieved from https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2822904/Ziegeldorf-Jan-Henrik-Privacy-in-the-Internet-of.pdf Rosa, T. (2015).The internet of things: Security research study. Retrieved from https://www.veracode.com/sites/default/files/Resources/Whitepapers/internet-of-things-whitepaper.pdf Simon, T. (2017).Critical infrastructure and the internet of things. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/GCIG%20no.46_0.pdf

Kerouacs On the Road free essay sample

On the Road just gave me the itch. The itch to abandon the glum and ho-hum life set before you for a life on the road, tackling the wondrous world and getting your kicks. I believe Kerouac would agree that being on the road is more about being a madman for your dreams than actually hitchhiking your way to Frisco and back just to hear some maniacal pianist shake and quiver as he pounds the keys into sawdust in a broken down saloon off Market Street. It’s the itch that drives you to seek out and experiment and explore whether it’s that wide crazy world around you or just those thick books written by Wolfe and Hemingway you’ve got but never had the courage to tackle. Kerouac and his road buds rode up and down the Eastern Seaboard, through the Midwest and California to escape the whole dull life that had been put in front of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Kerouacs On the Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jack and Dean and Carlo Marx just wanted to feel the beat, that jazz they loved so much and the road beneath them. The crazy wild-eyed excitement, the raging energy of Dean Moriarty, tears at your soul and makes you want to be like him ? even though he’s one tragic cat. Maybe you don’t want to find yourself still on the road when you’re forty-five ? dying of alcoholism ? but you never want to lose that mad-eyed fervor you felt way back when. I can see a life ahead of me. One Kerouac would have been proud of. I can see myself in the back of that old Greyhound bus coming out of Port Authority. I’ve got my beaten battered copy of On the Road in one hand, a one-way ticket in the other. I can see the Hudson River lit by a sad orange dusk out of the corner of my eye ? it flows polluted, the water swelling and shrinking like the crescendos and decrescendos of some lost jazz musician’s trumpet singing sweet â€Å"EE-yah†s and â€Å"EEE-de-lee-yah†s into the hollowed out subways. The bus grumbles varoom and roars out into the deep dark highway, bound for ole Chicago, the dividing point of East and West, my past and future. But then if I followed that road I wouldn’t be myself, just another Kerouac wannabe, wishing I were growing up with those young Beats. ? So I guess I’ll just have to take in Kerouac’s uncontrollable passionate soul and leave out the hitchhike to Frisco, the ragg ed clothes and nights spent in the back of a flatbed staring up at the big skies of Wyoming. As Kerouac hooted ?his eyes nearly popping out of their sockets? in the midst of one of his mad conversations with Carlo Marx, â€Å"I had nothing to offer anyone except my own confusion.† I could tell you that Jack was right but it wouldn’t matter. Kerouac’s confusion is a beautiful confusion that in its own chaotic way gives you the clarity to do things you never thought possible. One day, I will find myself looking out into that deep dark highway ? that endless stretch blanketed by the shadowy unknown ? I’ll carry my copy of On the Road like a bible and I will know that Kerouac gave me the feverish energy to keep traveling out through the night. On the Road is more than a book to me ? it’s a muse.

Remembering Our First Stage of Education

Remembering Our First Stage of Education Most people have  good memories  of their elementary school days and one of them is recollections of a certain beloved teacher. Why not all? The result of  study  about successful and well-remembered elementary school teachers suggest that most of them actually enjoy working with kids, having fun and always happy to be with them. They can easily communicate with children; familiar with children’s needs, and always willing to understand. Memories of a Person Who Truly Loves Kids Pupils’ idea of a good elementary school  teacher  can be classified into three general categories – personal qualities, relationship with pupils, and teaching techniques. Study of students in grade 2 through 8 suggests that most of them frequently recall teachers who helped them in their work, kind, patient, polite, neatly dressed, friendly in and out class, and with a sense of humor. Moreover, in order of frequency, beloved and easily remembered teachers are those who are kind and thoughtful, having fun with kids, often in good mood, agreeable, friendly with a nice smile, considerate, smart and well-informed. Easily recalled #ElementaryMoments with beloved teacher seems linked to personal and behavioral characteristics associated with teaching efficiency. In practice, this is the ability of an elementary school teacher to create a learning atmosphere for kids, motivate them to take risks in the learning process, become more inventive and accept new ideas. These teachers according to literature are those who take a student of her or his normal frame of reference and help them see new possibilities even in complicated situations through humor. DEVELOPING STUDENTS CREATIVITY AND SELF-EXPRESSION THROUGH CRAYONS Memories of Effective and Inspiring Elementary School Teachers Most people have an implicit and internal definition of effective teaching. Most of us can easily distinguish a good teacher from a bad teacher. Everyone seems knowledgeable of what actually constitutes good teaching such as Ms. May and Mrs. Moody’s former elementary school  students who remembered them as funny but effective teachers. Ms. Daisy May is a kind of teacher who always starts the class with a smile. She is serious about teaching and often gives her students a lot of work. However, despite the difficulty, her great sense of humor made her classroom both fun and educational. Ms. May is kind and friendly in and out of the class but she never jokes about her class requirements. For instance, she was upset and failed almost the entire class when her students did not buy the book she required. Mrs. L. Moody, on the other hand, is a  sixth-grade teacher who is frequently remembered for her energy. She was loud, funny, but serious to her teaching like Ms. May. Although the qualities sound contradictory, Ms. Moody is an effective elementary school teacher who inspired many of her former students (now successful teachers) to pursue a teaching career. These teachers are best remembered for balancing classroom fun and learning. Their ability to â€Å"break the ice† and make students truly excited about coming to class and learn to separate them from the rest. They have the personal, relational, and teaching skills of an effective teacher that most students regard as best #ElementaryMoments.

The Definition and Most Popular Methods of Note Taking

The Definition and Most Popular Methods of Note Taking Note-taking is the practice of writing down or otherwise recording key points of information. Note-taking is an important part of the research process. Notes taken on class lectures or discussions may serve as study aids, while notes taken during an interview may provide material for an essay, article, or book.  Taking notes doesnt simply mean scribbling down or marking up the things that strike your fancy, say  Walter Pauk and Ross J.Q. Owens in their book, How to Study in College. It means using a proven system and then effectively recording information before tying everything together. Cognitive Benefits of Note-Taking Note-taking involves certain cognitive behavior; writing notes engages your brain in specific and beneficial ways that help you grasp and retain information. Note-taking can result in broader learning than simply mastering course content because it helps you to process information and make connections between ideas, allowing you to apply your new knowledge to novel contexts, according to  Michael C. Friedman, in his paper, Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors, which is part of the  Harvard University Initiative for Learning and Teaching. Shelley OHara, in her book, Improving Your Study Skills: Study Smart, Study Less, agrees, stating: Taking notes involves  active listening, as well as connecting and relating information to ideas you already know. It also involves seeking answers to questions that arise from the material. Taking notes forces you to actively engage your brain as you identify whats important in terms of what the speaker is saying and begin to organize that information into a comprehensible format to decipher later. That process, which is far more than simply scribbling what you hear, involves some heavy brainwork. Most Popular Note-Taking Methods Note-taking aids in reflection, mentally reviewing what you write. To that end, there are certain methods of note-taking that are among the most popular: The Cornell method, where you divide the paper into three sections: a space on the left for writing the main topics, a larger space on the right to write your notes, and a space at the bottom to summarize your notes; review and clarify your notes a soon as possible after class; summarize what youve written on the bottom of the page; and finally, study your notes.Creating a mind  map,  a visual  diagram that lets you organize  your notes in a  two-dimensional  structure, says  Focus. You create a mind map by writing the  subject or headline in  the center  of the page then add your  notes in the form of branches that  radiate  outward from the center.Outlining, which  is similar to creating an outline that you might use for a research paper.Charting, which  allows you to break up information into such categories as similarities and differences; dates, events, and impact; and pros and  cons, says  East Carolina University.The  sentence method, where you record every new thought, fact or topic on a separate line. All information is recorded, but it lacks (the) clarification of major and minor topics. Immediate review and editing are required to determine how information should be organized, says East Carolina University. Note-Taking Tips There are, of course, other variations on the previously described note-taking methods, such as the two-column method, says  Kathleen T. McWhorter, in her book, Successful College Writing, who explains that to use this method: Draw a vertical line from the top of a piece of paper to the bottom. The left-hand column should be about half as wide as the right-hand column. In the wider, right-hand column, record ideas and facts as they are presented in a lecture or discussion. In the narrower, left-hand column, note your own questions as they arise during the class. Making a list  can also be effective, say  John N. Gardner and Betsy O. Barefoot in Step by Step to College and Career Success. Once you have decided on a format for taking notes, you may also want to develop your own system of abbreviations, they suggest. Note-Taking Tips Among other tips offered by note-taking experts:Leave a space between entries so that you can fill in missing information.Use a laptop, which allows you to download information to add to your notes either during or after the lecture.Understand that there is a difference between taking notes on what you read and what you hear (in a lecture). If youre unsure what that might be, visit a teacher or professor during office hours and ask her to elaborate. Among other tips offered by note-taking experts: Leave a space between entries so that you can fill in missing information.Use a laptop, which allows you to download information to add to your notes either during or after the lecture.Understand that there is a difference between taking notes on what you read and what you hear (in a lecture). If youre unsure what that might be, visit a teacher or professor during office hours and ask her to elaborate. If none of these methods suit you, read the words of author Paul Theroux, in his article A World Duly Noted published in The Wall Street Journal in 2013: I write down everything and never assume that I will remember something because it seemed vivid at the time. And once you read these words, dont forget to jot them down in your preferred method of note-taking so that you wont forget them.

Tackling substance misuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Tackling substance misuse - Essay Example Background One of the more pressing issues in health care intervention is the issuance, administration or prescription of drugs for patients. There has always been a continuing challenge about dispensation, dosage, supervision, as well as effect on patient so that medical practitioners, pharmacists, and their team have to be wary of several considerations prior to any action that relies administration to the patient or his / her immediate carer, or even in controlled setting. Reaction to drug or substance misuse vary leading to ideologically driven approaches in medicalization, treatment, decriminalisation, and even use of the criminal justice for quasi treatment. Other propositions such as harm minimisation and harm reduction were also considered with the understanding that use of substance is inevitable (Bevan, 2009). People with severe mental illness, group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems are usually the concern for ‘dual diagnosis’ an d co-morbidity related to substance misuse or abuse. It was suggested that many problems related to substance misuse are linked to ill-prepared services that deal with these conditions. Bevan (2003) observed that Public Health treatment for substance misuse should understand that those who receive treatment are of chronic and frequently relapsing condition. Perception of treatment should move away from an individualistic approach to an understanding of the many and varied relationships as part of treatment rationale. Focus should also be given on minimising the harm associated with drug use. Prescribing policies for opiate replacement should also be considered instead of abstinence as prescribed doses of methadone have demonstrated positive results. â€Å"The reduction in drug related deaths, as a result of the reduced frequency of accidental overdoses, and the wider population health gains when treatment and interventions are flexibly delivered is further evidence that the health of populations can be improved with public health based strategies for substance misuse,† (Bevan, 2003), P 19). People should not be seen as failures when relapse occur for substance misuse. Various conditions influence substance misuse and these should be taken as a whole and not in part to fully understand the patient as well as provide a more effective and holistic intervention approach. Likewise, Bevan (2009) noted that curing should not be the focus as an over emphasis on moving people on, through and out of treatment usually results in the revolving door phenomena. Substitute prescribing has been offered a possible solution to address issue on substance misuse. Engaging the individual as member of a wider society and members of dynamic social groups with families, friends and acquaintances should be a public health consideration in addressing this issue (Bevan, 2009). Substance Misuse and Problematic Drug Use Problematic drug use and misuse occurs when individuals experi ence a range of unwanted and negative consequences as a result of their drug use (Brown, 2007). Problems may be social, psychological, physical or legal resulting from regular or excessive consumption, intoxication and/or dependence on any substance. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse (2002) observed that these individuals often attempts to achieve stability or abstinence but relapse is usually a problem.