Evidence Collection Policy Essay

1.What are the main concerns when collecting evidence? That you are thorough, collect everything, do it in the proper and official manner, and that you do not tamper with or alter anything. 2.What precautions are necessary to preserve evidence state? Usually what is done is all of the evidence is duplicated several times and any processes involved with the investigation are done with the duplicates to ensure that the actual evidence isn’t altered in any way. 3.How do you ensure evidence remains in its initial state? It is duplicated and then stored in climate controlled conditions. 4.What information and procedures are necessary to ensure evidence is admissible in court? Whoever conducts the investigation does so in a previously mandated, official, and legally recognized manner. Information Systems Security Incident Response Policy I. Title A. Name: Information Systems Security Incident Response Policy B. Number: : 20070103-secincidentresp C. Author(s): David Millar (ISC Information Security) and Lauren Steinfeld (Chief Privacy Officer) D. Status: Approved E. Date Proposed: 2005-10-24 F. Date Revised: G. Date Approved: 2007-01-03 H. Effective Date: 2007-01-16 II. Authority and Responsibility Information Systems and Computing is responsible for the operation of Penn’s data networks (PennNet) as well as the establishment of information security policies, guidelines, and standards. The Office of Audit, Compliance and  Privacy has authority to develop and oversee policies and procedures regarding the privacy of personal information. These offices therefore have the authority and responsibility to specify security incident response requirements to protect those networks as well as University data contained on those networks. III. Executive Summary This policy defines the response to computer security incidents. IV. Purpose This policy defines the steps that personnel must use to ensure that security incidents are identified, contained, investigated, and remedied. It also provides a process for documentation, appropriate reporting internally and externally, and communication so that organizational learning occurs. Finally, it establishes responsibility and accountability for all steps in the process of addressing computer security incidents. V. Risk of Non-compliance Without an effective incident response process, corrective action may be delayed and harmful effects unnecessarily exacerbated. Further, proper communication allows the University key learning opportunities to improve the security of data and networks. Individuals who fail to comply are subject to sanctions as appropriate under Penn policies. VI. Definitions Confidential University Data includes: * Sensitive Personally Identifiable Information–Information relating to an individual that reasonably identifies the individual and, if compromised, could cause significant harm to that individual or to Penn. Examples may include, but are not limited to: Social Security numbers, credit card numbers, bank account information, student grades or disciplinary information, salary or employee performance information, donations, patient health information, information Penn has promised to keep confidential, and account passwords or encryption keys used to protect access to Confidential University Data. * Proprietary Information–Data, information, or intellectual property in which the University has an exclusive legal interest or ownership right, which, if compromised could cause significant harm to Penn. Examples may include, but are not limited to, business planning, financial information, trade secret, copyrighted material, and  software or comparable material from a third party when the University has agreed to keep such information confidential. * Any other data the disclosure of which could cause significant harm to Penn or its constituents. Security Incident. There are two types of Security Incidents: Computer Security Incidents and Confidential Data Security Incidents. * A Computer Security Incident is any event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of University systems, applications, data, or networks. University systems include, but are not limited to: servers, desktops, laptops, workstations, PDAs, network servers/processors, or any other electronic data storage or transmission device. * A Confidential Data Security Incident is a subset of Computer Security Incidents that specifically threatens the security or privacy of Confidential University Data. User. A Penn user is any faculty, staff, consultant, contractor, student, or agent of any of the above. VII. Scope This policy applies to all Users. It applies to any computing devices owned or leased by the University of Pennsylvania that experience a Computer Security Incident. It also applies to any computing device regardless of ownership, which either is used to store Confidential University Data, or which, if lost, stolen, or compromised, and based on its privileged access, could lead to the unauthorized disclosure of Confidential University Data. Examples of systems in scope include, but are not limited to, a User’s personally owned home computer that is used to store Confidential University Data, or that contains passwords that would give access to Confidential University Data. This policy does not cover incidents involving the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS) information systems, which has a separate incident response policy. ISC Information Security will coordinate with UPHS as appropriate when UPHS computing devices, data, or personnel are involved. VIII. Statement of Policy A. Overview of Penn’s Incident Response Program All Computer Security Incidents must be reported to ISC Information Security promptly. See Section B below. All Confidential Data Security Incidents must: a. Generate the creation of an Immediate Response Team, as designated by the  Information Security Officer (ISO), on a per incident basis. See Section C below. b. Follow appropriate Incident Handling procedures. See Sections C and D below. iii. ISC Information Security, under the direction of the Vice President for Information Systems and Computing (VP-ISC) is responsible for logging, investigating, and reporting on security incidents. See Sections D and E below. B. Identifying and Reporting Computer Security Incidents i. Users and Local Support Providers (LSPs). In the event that a User or an LSP detects a suspected or confirmed Computer Security Incident, the User must report it to his or her Local Security Officer or IT Director for issues including but not limited to viruses, worms, local attacks, denial of service attacks, or possible disclosure of Confidential University Data. ii. Local IT Management. Local IT Management must notify ISC Information Security of all Computer Security Incidents, except for categories of incidents that ISC Information Security may designate in Appendix I of this policy. iii. ISC Information Security. ISC Information Security shall notify appropriate systems administrators and other personnel of all emergency and attack incidents, as well as all suspicious activity incidents when it believes that an administrator’s system is at risk. The system’s administrators will then work with ISC Information Security to properly address the incident and minimize the risk of future occurrences. C. Immediate Response Team i. Purpose. The purpose of each Immediate Response Team is to supplement Penn’s information security infrastructure and minimize the threat of damage resulting from Computer Security Incidents. ii. Per Incident Basis. An Immediate Response Team shall be created for Confidential Data Security Incidents. iii. Membership. Membership on the Immediate Response Team shall be as designated by the ISO. In most cases, members shall include a representative from ISC Information Security and from the affected School or Center’s technical and management staff. iv. Responsibilities. Responsibilities of the Immediate Response Team are to assess the incident and follow incident handling procedures, appropriate to the incident as determined by the ISO. v. Confidentiality. Immediate Response Team members will share information about security incidents beyond the Immediate  Response Team only on a need-to-know basis, and only after consultation with all other team members. D. Incident Handling. For incidents requiring the formation of an Immediate Response Team, the following is a list of response priorities that should be reviewed and followed as recommended by the ISO. The most important items are listed first: i. Safety and Human Issues. If an information system involved in an incident affects human life and safety, responding to any incident involving any life-critical or safety-related system is the most important priority. ii. Address Urgent Concerns. Schools and Centers may have urgent concerns about the availability or integrity of critical systems or data that must be addressed promptly. ISC Information Security shall be available for consultation in such cases. iii. Establish Scope of Incident. The Immediate Response Team shall promptly work to establish the scope of the incident and to identify the extent of systems and data affected. If it appears that personally identifiable information may have been compromised, the Immediate Response Team shall immediately inform the VP-ISC and the Chief Privacy Officer (CPO). iv. Containment. Once life-critical and safety issues have been resolved, the Immediate Response Team shall identify and implement actions to be taken to reduce the potential for the spread of an incident or its consequences across additional systems and networks. Such steps may include requiring that the system be disconnected from the network. v. Develop Plan for Preservation of Evidence. The Immediate Response Team shall develop a plan promptly upon learning about an incident for identifying and implementing appropriate steps to preserve evidence, consistent with needs to restore availability. Preservation plans may include preserving relevant logs and screen captures. The affected system may not be rebuilt until the Immediate Response Team determines that appropriate evidence has been preserved. Preservation will be addressed as quickly as possible to restore availability that is critical to maintain business operations. vi. Investigate the Incident. The Immediate Response Team shall investigate the causes of the incident and future preventative actions. During the investigation phase, members of the incident response team will attempt to determine exactly what happened during the incident, especially the vulnerability that made the incident possible. In short, investigators will attempt to answer the following questions: Who? What? Where? When? How? vii. Incident-Specific Risk  Mitigation. The Immediate Response Team shall identify and recommend strategies to mitigate risk of harm arising from the incident, including but not limited to reducing, segregating, or better protecting personal, proprietary, or mission critical data. viii. Restore Availability. Once the above steps have been taken, and upon authorization by the Immediate Response Team, the availability of affected devices or networks may be restored. ix. Penn-Wide Learning. The Immediate Response Team shall develop and arrange for implementation of a communications plan to spread learning from the security incident throughout Penn to individuals best able to reduce risk of recurrence of such incident. E. Senior Response Team (SRT). If the ISO or CPO in their judgment believe that the incident reasonably may cause significant harm to the subjects of the data or to Penn, each may recommend to the VP-ISC or Associate Vice President for Audit, Compliance and Privacy (AVP-OACP) that a Senior Response Team be established. The Senior Response Team shall be comprised of senior-level officials as designated by the VP-ISC or AVP-OACP. The Senior Response Team shall: i. Establish whether additional executive management should be briefed and the plan for such briefing. ii. Determine, with final approval by the General Counsel, whether Penn shall make best efforts to notify individuals whose personal identifiable information may have been at risk. In making this determination, the following factors shall be considered: a. legal duty to notify b. length of compromise c. human involvement d. sensitivity of data e. existence of evidence that data was accessed and acquired f. concerns about personnel with access to the data g. existence of evidence that machine was compromised for reasons other than accessing and acquiring data h. additional factors recommended for consideration by members of the Immediate Response Team or the Senior Response Team. iii. Review and approve any external communication regarding the incident. F. Documentation i. Log of security incidents. ISC Information Security shall maintain a log  of all reportable security incidents recording the date, School or Center affected, whether or not the affected machine was registered as a critical host, the type of Confidential University Data affected (if any), number of subjects (if applicable), and a summary of the reason for the intrusion, and the corrective measure taken. ii. Critical Incident Report. ISC Information Security shall issue a Critical Incident Report for every reportable security incident affecting machines qualifying as Critical Hosts, or other priority incidents in the judgment of ISC Information Security describing in detail the circumstances that led to the incident, and a plan to eliminate the risk. iii. Annual Summary Report. ISC Information Security shall provide annually for the VP-ISC and AVP-OACP a report providing statistics and summary-level information about all significant incidents reported, and providing recommendation s and plans to mitigate known risks. IX. Best Practices A. Preserving Evidence: It is essential to consult Penn Information Security when handling Computer Security Incidents. However, if Information Security is not available for emergency consultation, the following practices are recommended: i. Generally, if it is necessary to copy computer data to preserve evidence for an incident, it is a good idea to use bit-wise file-system copy utilities that will produce an exact image, (e.g.UNIX dd) rather than to use file level utilities which can alter some file meta-data. ii. When making forensic backups, always take a cryptographic hash (such as an SHA-1 hash) of both the original object and of the copied object to verify the authenticity of the copy. Consult your System Administrator if you have questions. iii. Assigning members to an Immediate Response Team: In cases where an incident involves an investigation into misconduct, the School or Center should consider carefully whom to assign to the Immediate Response Team. For example, one may not wish to assign an IT professional who works closely with the individual(s) being investigated. X. Compliance A. Verification: ISC Information Security and the Office of Audit, Compliance and Privacy will verify any known computing security incidents as having been reported and documented as defined by this policy. B. Notification: Violations of this policy will be reported by ISC Security  and the Office of Audit, Compliance and Privacy to the Senior Management of the Business Unit affected. C. Remedy: The incident will be recorded by ISC Information Security and any required action to mitigate the harmful affects of the attack will be initiated in cooperation with the Business Unit Security Officer/Liaison. D. Financial Implications: The owner of the system shall bear the costs associated with ensuring compliance with this policy. E. Responsibility: Responsibility for compliance with this policy lies with the system administrator, system owner, and Business Unit’s Senior Manager. F. Time Frame: All incidents involving critical hosts systems and networks must be reported immediately. All other incidents should be reported within one business day of determining something has occurred. G. Enforcement: Compliance with this policy will be enforced by disconnecting any machines that may compromise the University network, or other machines with Confidential University Data. Workforce members not adhering to the policy may be subject to sanctions as defined by University policies. H. Appeals: Appeals are decided by the Vice President for Information Systems and Computing. XI. References 1. PennNet Computer Security Policy at www.net.isc.upenn.edu/policy/approved/20040524-hostsecurity.html 2. Critical PennNet Host Security Policy at www.net.isc.upenn.edu/policy/approved/20000530-hostsecurity.html 3. Policy on Computer Disconnection from PennNet at www.upenn.edu/computing/policy/disconnect.html 4. Adherence to University Policy at www.hr.upenn.edu/policy/policies/001.asp 5. Policy on Security of Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) at www.upenn.edu/computing/security/policy/ePHI_Policy.html Appendix I The following category of incidents need not be reported to Penn Information Security: * Unsuccessful network scans

Ethics of Engineering Essay

Risk can be defined in many different versions basing on the specified use and situational context. It can simply means the future negative circumstances that can be prevented or mitigated, rather than day to day that calls for immediate attention. When it comes to risk management, the word hazard can be used to define a situation that would lead to harm while the word risk would mean a probability of anything occurring. This concept was applied at planning of delta works in the nineteenth century, which is a flood preventing project in western country. The type of risk analysis is now common in sites like chemical industry and nuclear power. Determining engineering risk is somewhere hard especially in industries where there is production of toxic materials. The way forward to measure individual life cost caused by the loss differs basing on the aim or purpose. Most measures entail what individuals are able to give to insure against death (National Academy of Engineering & National Academies Press (US), 2004). Categories of risk -financial risk; is mostly termed as the unplanned variability of returns which covers bad-than-unplanned as well as good-than-desired returns. Basing on statistics risk is always placed to the probability of a number of outcomes that are mostly undesirable (Morse & Babcock, 2009). Often the probability of the event and various assessment of its perceived harm need to be joined into a believable outcome, which joins a group of risk, regret and pay probabilities in a desired value for that same outcome. Risk is therefore assessed as a task of three variables namely – the probability that there might be a negative warning, the presence of vulnerability and finally potential improvement in business. The first two probabilities are joined together and sometimes called likelihood, if any of the named variables above almost results to zero, the whole risk results to zero. Risk can further be defined as a state of lacking complete certainty where a number of possibilities entail a loss or various unexpected outcome. Measurement of risk; a group of possibilities with which each has a quantified probability and quantified losses From the text above it is vital for one to have uncertainty with no risk but not have risk without uncertainty. People can be uncertain concerning who will be the winner in a contest but unless they hold individuals stake in it, they hold no risk (Martin & Schinzinger, 2005). If people bet some finances on the results of the contest, then it is true they have a risk. In this similar occurrences there are different outcome. The value of uncertainty only defines the probabilities kept for outcomes, as the calculation of risk calls for the two outcomes that is probability and quantified (National Academy of Engineering & National Academies Press (US), 2004). Insurance and heath risk – insurance is a type of risk lowering investment whereby the customer gives some agreed amount to be safer incase a negative issue arises. In this way, the customer will be so sure a loss has not occurred. Buying a lottery ticket is a high-risk investment with a possibility of minimal reward but with a high chance of getting a loss (Moriarty, 2008). Banking some funds at a specific rate of interest is also taking a risk although the return is less but guaranteed. Some risks like in individual’s health could be minimized through primary prevention habits that lowers early occurrence of diseases or by secondary avoidance habits once an individual has been exposed to early symptoms and signs that could be a risk factor. Tertiary avoidance lowers the negative outcome of a disease that is already established by minimizing illness- associated complication and restoring the functions. Every medical professional needs clear discussions about risk factors with an individual client to acquire informed consent concerning tertiary and secondary avoidance efforts however the entire medical health efforts in primary avoidance needs education of the public group at risk (Martin & Schinzinger, 2005). In each circumstance, excellent communication concerning any risk factors, predicted results and certainty should differentiate between causal circumstances that need to be reduced and associated circumstances which might be consequences rather than causes (Baura, 2006). Safety It can be defined as a situation of being secure, out of danger injury or risk or in other terms, it means events that call to lower or do away with hazardous situations that can lead to injury of the body. Categories of safety †¢ Occupational safety – it is mainly based with risks in locations where individuals work that is in building and construction, business industries and organizations. †¢ public safety – it deals with hazards in premises, journeys, touring and recreation, and in other various circumstances which is not within the category of occupational safety †¢ Marketing safety – this entails security in purchasing of goods and even in producing. One must be sure the services offered will not lead to a negative outcome (Baura, 2006). On the other hand, the producers themselves should not risk in making a loss for this can cause the closure of a business. †¢ Insurance risk – this avoids a great loss in business or in individuals investment incase an accident or an injury arises, that means the owner is secured. In case of an accident, it is always advisable to analyze the employees’ status of safety measures, which could be affected by outward working environment, attitudes directed to security and accident avoidance work and also leaders’ commitment in security promotion. Such kind of factors could be linked to work stress and risk behavior (Moriarty, 2008). The perceived risk behavior affects negative outcomes like accidents and near misses, while the possibility that discourages improvement in transforming a person’s risk perception towards embracing safety is still not yet clear (Martin & Schinzinger, 2005). Competent verses incompetent A competent engineer is one whose work is recommendable and excellent; he evaluates, assesses and organizes the employees to work with an aim of meeting the company’s goals and objectives. He works under minimal supervision from the seniors, seeks for advice in times of difficulty and consults other professionals to add skills and knowledge (Harris et al 2008). Unlike incompetent engineer who might have no knowledge of his work and his end results after working are disgusting. Maintaining a competent engineer could be challenging unlike the incompetent one. A good engineer has most of the qualification required in his area of assignment; works well to produce excellent results while a good person is generally pleasing and manifests good characters but may be lacking qualifications in his work (National Academy of Engineering & National Academies Press (US), 2004). A person may be competent but lacks good morals this can be evidenced by most of the employers who employ workers on condition to get ‘something’ in return. This is mostly happening in the modern world where most competent individuals have no integrity or character. In conclusion, it is better to risk taking an action despite of the unknown results rather than being safe in a condition whose guaranteed results are negative for example banking money to gain small interest instead of keeping it with you. Reference Baura, G. (2006). Engineering ethics: an industrial perspective. New York: Academic Press. Harris, C. , Pritchard, M. & Rabins, M. (2008). Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 4th Ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Martin, M. & Schinzinger, R. (2005). Ethics in engineering, 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. Moriarty, G. (2008). The engineering project: its nature, ethics, and promise. New York: Penn State Press. Morse, L. & Babcock, D. (2009). Managing Engineering and Technology: An Introduction to Management for Engineers, 5th Ed. New York: Prentice Hall Publishers. National Academy of Engineering & National Academies Press (US). (2004). Emerging technologies and ethical issues in engineering: papers from a workshop, October 14-15, 2003. New York: National Academies Press.

Descartes Cogito Ergo Sum And Ontological Arguments

In this paper I intend to show that Descartes’ cogito ergo sum and ontological arguments both rely on the method of doubt and follow from the premise that essence implies existence. The cogito ergo sum is different from the latter one, however, from the fact that it did not contain the premise regarding the cause and effect of an idea having objective reality. The main problem with this argument is that while essence and existence were said to be inseparable, it does not happen to be the case. First of all, Descartes’ cogito ergo sum rests on the method of doubt, and it’s only true because it appears to him as most clear and distinct, and thus cannot be doubted. He said that, â€Å"What of thinking? I find here that thought is an attribute that belongs to me; it alone cannot be separated from me† . So what Descartes is saying here seems to mean that thinking is a quality that he possesses, and that he cannot exist without having this quality, which means t hinking is what justifies his being at this moment. He adds that, â€Å"I am, however, a real thing and really exist; but what thing? I have answered: a thing which thinks†. I take this to mean that the essence Descartes suggests here is him being a thinking thing. He is sure that he is a thinking thing because when he thinks that he is a thinking thing, it is impossible to say that he is not thinking, which is an attribute he claims to be a part of him in the beginning. The idea of this essence is pushed further in his waxShow MoreRelatedRene Descartes Ontological Argument957 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Cogito ergo sum† (â€Å"I think, therefore, I am†) (Descartes, Miller, Miller, 1983). Renà © Descartes was a philosopher of the 17th century who made major contributions to the field. 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Why Did The Cuban Revolution Of 1959 Become A Marxist...

Why did the Cuban revolution of 1959 become a Marxist revolution? The Cuban Revolution of 1959 has been extraordinary in all respects. Not only the small number of men, Fidel Castro accumulated to overturn the dictatorial Fulgencio Batista was remarkable, but also the seizure of power of Castro and his 26th of July Movement differs from all other communist revolutions. While communist revolutions are usually pushed forward by the communist parties of the respective country, in this case of 1959 the overturn was not achieved by the Popular Socialist Party (PSP) of Cuba (Brown 2010: 293), but rather by a few very audacious guerrillas who did not even have ‘a real party, a real army or a real program’ (Brown 2010: 299). It is also extraordinary that Cuba had a formally democratic system before Castro started his revolution; even if it was very corrupt (Brown 2010: 293). While some argue that Castro was already a Marxist before he seized power in 1959, this essay will argue that it was a gradual process that made Castro shift towards comm unism. It was the circumstances he found himself entangled in after overturning Batista that truly made him become Marxist (Roda 2012: 1). He did not have a well-defined ideology when he started his revolution and only developed it after he seized power. Even though Fidel started reading literature of Marx and Lenin already in the 1940s, it was his idol Josà © Martà ­ and his literature that shaped his view of the world. It was furthermoreShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1360 Words   |  6 PagesMost prominently known as the face of a repressive dictatorship, Fidel Castro governed Cuba for nearly five decades (1959-2006) achieving both successes and failures throughout the course of his rule. 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This revolution led America to stopped buying Cuban sugarRead More Modern Communism: Marx, Engles, Lenin, and Stalin Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pages Karl Marx never saw his ideals and beliefs, as the founding father of communist thought, implemented in the world and society because he died in 1883.1 The communist ideology did not rise to power until the beginning of the 20th century. Then it would be implemented and put into practice in the largest country in the world producing a concept that would control half of the world’s population in less than 50 years. The Manifesto of the Communist Party, written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels,Read MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Essay examples2468 Words   |  10 Pagesmocked through the ambiguity of â€Å"equal.† Equality, in the tightest definition, places all members of society at the same socioeconomic levels. The â€Å"more equal than others† connotates that equality can be added like a unit, and equality can essentially become unequal. The revolt’s later ideals do not align with the original idea of equality. Also in this defamatory tale, situational irony is used in an attempt to poke fun at our supreme totalitarianism. The original revolt revolved around the replacement

The Dow Jones Sustainability Index - 1793 Words

The Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) was launched in 1999, making its name as the world’s first leading global benchmark for sustainability. This index consists of the top 10% of the largest 2,500 companies in terms of sustainability. Corporate sustainability is the business approach that formulates long-term shareholder value by grasping opportunities and controlling risks created from economic, environmental and social development. Sustainability serves as opportunities and risks that companies must adjust to and is critical to the creation of long-term shareholder value, especially in an increasingly resource constrained world. The DJSI has become an effective engagement platform as it encourages competition among companies for a†¦show more content†¦If companies that meet a certain size criteria decide not to participate, RobecoSAM completes the questionnaire to their fullest extent based on publically available information. The â€Å"Assessed Universe† is created following the results of the CSA questionnaire as a result of companies are ranked against peers according to their Total Sustainability Score. RobecoSAM then continues to monitor new coverage of the companies in the universe on a daily basis, whether it is through media stories, RepRisk, and etc., in order to analyze the company’s involvement with the environmental, social, economic issues that may negatively effect one’s reputation and core business. Through careful observation of the universe, RobecoSAM is able to in decide whether a company’s policies, processes, management systems, and commitments shape into excellent positive performance. RobecoSAM then has 59 industries roll up into 24 global industry groups so that the top scoring company from each is included on the DJSI. Not only does RobecoSAM stand as the basis for the development of the DJSI, but it also provides insights used to conduct empirical in-house research or is used to measure the impact of corporate sustainability performance on financial performance. The triple bottom line is measured in three different categories including social, environmental, and financial factors. The financial factors are easy to measure

Privacy Issues in Internet of Things-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Internet of things. Answer: Internet of Things: The interconnection between the physical devices, buildings, vehicles, software, electronics, sensors, actuators, and the connectivity network is called as Internet of things. The network infrastructure is capable of controlling and sensing the IoT objects. It helps in improving efficiency, accuracy, and reducing the human intervention. The applications of cyber physical system are smart grid, smart homes, virtual power plant, smart cities, and intelligent transportation. The focus of IoT is providing machine to machine communication with the help of variety of protocols, application, and domains (Friess, 2013). The connectivity of devices helps in collecting more data. IOT security methodology helps in in improving the performance of the IoT analytics. The advantages of using IoT are that it helps in reducing costs, improving the efficiency of the processes, helps in effective utilization of assets, and increased productivity. The connection between people, processes, and businesses helps in smooth flow of information (Lord, 2014). Privacy issues in IoT: The value services are provided by the IoT by improving quality of life and providing new opportunities to the in the open market. The cloud technologies, big data paradigms wireless sensor netwroks, peer to peer networks, and others are the technologies which are used for leveraging the IOT system. The use of wireless sensors in the IoT application raises the problems like accessibility, accuracy, availability, and confidentiality (Simon, 2017). In the IoT environment the security problems are associated with data collection phase and transmission, processing, and storage of data throughout the life cycle. Some of the privacy issues are listed below: Privacy issues related with the design of IoT. In the process of tracking the threats Preserving privacy from the middleware in the internet of things Enhancing recovery from unconventional resources. Privacy issues related to big data in IoT Preserving privacy in data collection and mining methods Responsibility and accountability Privacy issues related to the use of cloud technology Use of new cryptographic methods in IoT environment Anonymization of IoT technology In the development of proactive privacy model Compliance with ethical and legal standards for IoT devices. Unauthorised accessing of data Internet is equipped with threat and vulnerabilities Machine to machine interaction Contract information with M2M Availability of information Unauthorised accessing of services Changes in the information used for communication Attacks of viruses and malwares Network security Code resources management Operator replacement The following diagram gives the clear description of security concern for the IoT: Trends and Methodology: The following table shows the trends in the IoT application: Particulars Description Intelligence The ambient intelligence and autonomous control are the integral part of the internet of things. The driving force helps in driving objects. The intelligent entities are auto-organised for bringing interoperability with virtual objects. Architecture The bottom up approach and the event driven architecture are the basic methodologies for the deterministic process. The semantic webs are created for the services, avatars, and components. Network architecture The huge scalability and network space is required for handling network devices in IoT environment. The edge devices are used for analysing and processing of data for achieving real time scalability. Complexity The closed loops are used for designing the complex system of the IoT devices. The systems are equipped with mitigation of risks, privacy, reliability, and control. The following roadmap shows the trends in the technology of IoT: Methodology: The installation and the configuration of devices are governed by the documentation. The monitoring and testing of devices helps in predicting vulnerabilities within the devices. The devices are tested separately. The security of the communication is directed by reverse engineering methods. The unauthorised access of data in the cloud environment should be checked by running active test (Rosa, 2015). The back-end cloud services are associated with the monitoring of traffic to assess devices security. Geo encryptions of IoT: The encryption practices which are used for securing the IoT services are: Allowing cryptographic methodology: Test: Does the communication can be protected by strong cryptographic methods? Impact: The authentication credentials are required for allowing encrypted communication in protecting data in the transition process. Requirement of cryptography: Test: Does the user required to use cryptography for using the IOT services? Impact: The strong cryptography methods helps in reducing the change of data leakage. It also helps in overcoming the problem of weaknesses of the network and user error. Enforcement of using strong passwords: Test: Password strength guidelines should be followed by the user in creating passwords: Impact: The cost of attacking can be increased by using strong passwords because the attacker has to use brute force or other algorithms for attacking (Cognizant Report, 2017). The cracking of passwords requires more effort and time. TLS certificate validation: Test: The TLS certificates should be used for validation Impact: The man in the middle attack arises due to the improper validation certificates. With the use of TLS certificate the problem of man in the middle attack can be resolved Authentication provided to Device to service: Test: Strong authentication mechanism should be used by the devices: Impact: The failure of device give rise to vulnerabilities. The communication session should be maintained between the devices and services (Morchan, 2014). Protection provided to sensitive data Test: The control services should use encryption methodology for carrying out communication Impact: The sensitivity of the data requires adequate protection from the passive observers (Arockiam, 2016). The passive observer looks for the flow of network traffic. It requires the encryption methodologies. Replay attacks should be protected: Test: The adequate protection should be planned against the replay of attacks Impact: Sometimes the protocols are not well designed to protect the data from attack. The weaknesses of the attack should remove for protecting the devices from unauthorised access in the future (Kumar, 2014). The debugging of the interface should be periodically performed to check the efficiency of the protocol. Conclusion: The IoT is the machine to machine technology which makes use of sensor and actuators to develop a smart environment. The privacy and security concerns should be periodically reviewed for increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the IOT services. The intelligent connection between people, devices, and processes can be made with the help of IoT services. References: Arockiam, L. (2016).A study of security issues and challenges in IoT. Retrieved from https://www.ijesmr.com/doc/Archive-2016/November-2016/5.pdf Cognizant Report. (2017).Safeguarding the internet of things. Retrieved from https://www.cognizant.com/whitepapers/safeguarding-the-internet-of-things-codex2465.pdf Friess, P. (2013).Internet of things- converging technologies for smart environment. Retrieved from https://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Converging_Technologies_for_Smart_Environments_and_Integrated_Ecosystems_IERC_Book_Open_Access_2013.pdf Kumar, S. (2014).A survey of internet of things: Security and privacy issues. Retrieved from https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume90/number11/pxc3894454.pdf Lord, S. (2014).The internet of things: An introduction to privacy issues. Retrieved from https://www.priv.gc.ca/media/1808/iot_201602_e.pdf Morchan, O. (2014).Privacy in the internet of things: Threats and challenges. Retrieved from https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2822904/Ziegeldorf-Jan-Henrik-Privacy-in-the-Internet-of.pdf Rosa, T. (2015).The internet of things: Security research study. Retrieved from https://www.veracode.com/sites/default/files/Resources/Whitepapers/internet-of-things-whitepaper.pdf Simon, T. (2017).Critical infrastructure and the internet of things. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/GCIG%20no.46_0.pdf

Kerouacs On the Road free essay sample

On the Road just gave me the itch. The itch to abandon the glum and ho-hum life set before you for a life on the road, tackling the wondrous world and getting your kicks. I believe Kerouac would agree that being on the road is more about being a madman for your dreams than actually hitchhiking your way to Frisco and back just to hear some maniacal pianist shake and quiver as he pounds the keys into sawdust in a broken down saloon off Market Street. It’s the itch that drives you to seek out and experiment and explore whether it’s that wide crazy world around you or just those thick books written by Wolfe and Hemingway you’ve got but never had the courage to tackle. Kerouac and his road buds rode up and down the Eastern Seaboard, through the Midwest and California to escape the whole dull life that had been put in front of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Kerouacs On the Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jack and Dean and Carlo Marx just wanted to feel the beat, that jazz they loved so much and the road beneath them. The crazy wild-eyed excitement, the raging energy of Dean Moriarty, tears at your soul and makes you want to be like him ? even though he’s one tragic cat. Maybe you don’t want to find yourself still on the road when you’re forty-five ? dying of alcoholism ? but you never want to lose that mad-eyed fervor you felt way back when. I can see a life ahead of me. One Kerouac would have been proud of. I can see myself in the back of that old Greyhound bus coming out of Port Authority. I’ve got my beaten battered copy of On the Road in one hand, a one-way ticket in the other. I can see the Hudson River lit by a sad orange dusk out of the corner of my eye ? it flows polluted, the water swelling and shrinking like the crescendos and decrescendos of some lost jazz musician’s trumpet singing sweet â€Å"EE-yah†s and â€Å"EEE-de-lee-yah†s into the hollowed out subways. The bus grumbles varoom and roars out into the deep dark highway, bound for ole Chicago, the dividing point of East and West, my past and future. But then if I followed that road I wouldn’t be myself, just another Kerouac wannabe, wishing I were growing up with those young Beats. ? So I guess I’ll just have to take in Kerouac’s uncontrollable passionate soul and leave out the hitchhike to Frisco, the ragg ed clothes and nights spent in the back of a flatbed staring up at the big skies of Wyoming. As Kerouac hooted ?his eyes nearly popping out of their sockets? in the midst of one of his mad conversations with Carlo Marx, â€Å"I had nothing to offer anyone except my own confusion.† I could tell you that Jack was right but it wouldn’t matter. Kerouac’s confusion is a beautiful confusion that in its own chaotic way gives you the clarity to do things you never thought possible. One day, I will find myself looking out into that deep dark highway ? that endless stretch blanketed by the shadowy unknown ? I’ll carry my copy of On the Road like a bible and I will know that Kerouac gave me the feverish energy to keep traveling out through the night. On the Road is more than a book to me ? it’s a muse.