What Really Happen at the Alamo free essay sample

Santa Clause Anna, Commander of Mexican Army, didn't need this to occur, and along these lines he would not like to sign the bargain on permitting Texas to have freedom. The Texans were troubled and realized that they needed to battle for their freedom against Mexico. This fight had five primary individuals. To begin with, Colonel William Travis who was Texas Commander. Second, Jim Bowie was in order of a volunteer power in San Antonio when William Travis showed up with ordinary armed force troops. Third, Davy Crockett who was an amazing frontiersmen and was encircled with 188 individuals in the stronghold and battled against the Mexican armed force. Fourth, Sam Houston who was the Commander of the Texas Army. At long last, general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna who was the general of the Mexican armed force and pioneer of the Multi day attack at the Alamo. In the beginning of the Texas Revolution, a temporary government had been set up to sort out obstruction against Mexicans, and Sam Houston was named the leader of the Texan Army. Houston accepted that San Antonio would be too separated to even consider defending effectively, accordingly he sent Jim Bowie to pull back the battalion positioned there. Be that as it may, Bowie got in affection for a relinquished strategic the town that has served for quite a long time as a military quarters of Mexican soldiers: known as the â€Å"Alamo†. Bowie started to help the army crucial, sent a word to Houston that he would remain and shield the Alamo. Houston at that point got stressed and sent a youthful torch named William Travis to arrange the garrison’s mission withdrawal, yet unfortunately Travis too felt in the fantasy of Bowie. At that point on February 23, 1836 Santa Anna showed up at the Alamo where in excess of 150 men including Davy Crockett. Santa Clause Anna rapidly request his power, numbering 4,000 to 6,000 men, to encompass the Alamo. He at that point started a nonstop assault to which the safeguards were scarcely ready to react. They had gun, yet insufficient black powder. Santa Clause Anna sent a messenger to request that the Alamo give up. Travis answered with a cannonball. The individuals in the Alamo were not made sure about, and Bowie turned out to be sick by a sickness depicted as rushed utilization or typhoid pneumonia. In this way Travis became in order. On February 24, Travis then sent three riders out to go find support. In an outcome, thirty-two men rode (from Gonzalez) to assault Santa Anna however it was incomprehensible for a little local army to shield an entire armed force. While the fortress dividers were starting to slow down, they were not sufficient since it was initially worked to keep out the Comanche. They were individuals from a Shoshonean clan, the main clan of the gathering living totally on the Plains, and in the past running from Wyoming to Texas. The evening of March 5, the assault of the Alamo halted. In the obscurity, the Mexicans troops discreetly situated themselves for a first light assault. The individuals at the Alamo were concerned in light of the fact that they realized that Santa Anna was going to assault, the dividers of the stronghold were disintegrating down. On Sunday the sixth, around 5:00 a. m. Santa Clause Anna started to open the attack yet was fruitless. Never the less, the second time he penetrated the dividers. Once inside, as around 1,800 attack troops progressed into range, and they started to slaughter. Travis was the first to be killed in the fight, while Bowie battled from the his sickbed for a brief timeframe. The individuals in the congregation building held out the longest, yet lamentably didn't have the ability to endure. Others on the fortification chose to escape toward the southeast however were murdered by Mexican mounted force hanging tight for such a move. By 8:00 a. m. , it was all finished; all the 188 Texans safeguards, including Bowie and Crockett were slaughtered. The triumphant Mexicans saved somewhere in the range of twenty ladies, kids, and African-American Slaves. Santa Clause Anna got known for merciless concealment of revolting. Furthermore, despite the fact that the Alamo attack eased back the Mexican crusade under about fourteen days, it gave the sparkles that inspired numerous to join Houston’s diverse power. Sam Houston was the Commander of the Texas Army. In this way, on April 21, there was another fight named â€Å"The Battle of San Jacinto. † On April 20, Houston’s armed force found Mexican Army on the San Jacinto close to Galveston Bay. While the Mexican armed force was having a rest, Houston was prepared to assault. Houstons armed force assaulted them with outrage saying Remember the Alamo! what's more, Remember Goliad! Toward the end 630 Mexican officers were executed and others were kept as detainees. Santa Clause Anna was additionally compelled to sign the arrangement on permitting freedom to Texas. Toward the end the political race was held and Sam Houston won and became leader of the Republic of Texas. At long last, toward the end Texas turned out to be a piece of the United States. The skirmish of the Alamo got known as a revitalizing cry in light of the fact that such a significant number of individuals got executed. Santa Clause Anna would not like to pronounce Texas freedom. In this manner Texas needed to battle for their opportunity. During the fight, we lost celebrated individuals like Colonel William Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett. As I would like to think Santa Anna did great in the clash of the Alamo since he needed to indicated individuals that in the event that you need autonomy you should battle for it. The thirteen days attack at the Alamo was his most brilliant arrangement. He indicated what an extraordinary pioneer he was by executing 188 individuals and calling them deceivers. In any case, unfortunately he lost the clash of San Jacinto and was placed in jail afterwards executed in the wake of marking the bargain permitting Texas to have its autonomy. Presently the Alamo is visited by 2. 5 million individuals per year.

---------Organism evolve in the Paleozoic era Research Paper

- Organism develop in the Paleozoic period - Research Paper Example With the finish of Paleozoic period came about the mass eradication of marine species, The Permian/Triassic termination (Paleozoic time paleobiology). One of the creatures that developed in Paleozoic time and figured out how to endure the immense and various land and topographical changes traversing over 300 years is Spider. Their worldwide nearness even today can't be denied. In the present paper is talked about the special attributes of this life form that added to its transformative achievement and present a concise depiction of its excursion throughout the years. Insects have a place with the request Araneae. They are among the most copious species supplanted uniquely by the class Insecta, and involves around 42000 existing species having a place with 109 families (Platnick). The most seasoned fossils of genuine arachnids have been accounted for to be from the carboniferous period (312 million years of age), however their development can be followed to the Devonian. They are in certainty among the main living beings to have possessed land (Penney and Selden, 8). The one of a kind morphological and social attributes of bugs keep on astounding analysts and are liable for the endurance and practically omnipresent nearness of arachnids. A portion of these qualities are: Silk is the greatest apparatus and weapon of insect. It is utilized for cover, development, correspondence, and dispersal of spiderlings. Web making arachnids are equipped for remaining unmoving and hidden for long range of time and are activated by such improvement as prey, mate or predator. Further they have adjustments, for example, middle tarsal paws to empower them to stroll on silk (Herberstein and Wignall, 8). During development it leaves a dragline silk shaped by the foremost spinnerets which goes about as a wellbeing line of correspondence for mate. Contingent upon nature they possess, they have created organs for motion, for example, paw tufts for land and hydrophobic exoskeletons for water. The sense

Its Not Me, Its You

It’s Not Me, It’s You Fun fact: when George Washington was a young Virginian, his driving ambition was to be an officer in the British army. Despite his repeated attempts, he was denied a commission in the service: not, Washington fancied, because he was in any way deficient, but because the British army was too foolish to recognize his potential. Washington rebounded from this rejection by heading the Continental Army, driving the British out of their own colonies, and becoming the iconic first president and, in many ways, the linchpin in the formation of the United States of America. Worked out pretty well for you, didnt it, Washington? The statue in the Boston Public Gardens. Washington getting rejected from the British army is a lot like getting rejected from your favorite college. That command was something he had long envisioned for himself and driven towards, and something that stung deeply when it was denied him. It was also something he had very little control over obtaining, and something whose absence in no way inhibited the spectacular course of his life. Washington’s attempt to gain a command was somewhat futile to begin with because he was up against British anti-American prejudice, and there wasn’t much he could do about it. Now, there are a lot of things that you can influence about your college applications. You can study like Hermione Granger to get good grades and SAT scores, you can pour your heart into your extracurriculars, and you can craft exquisite college essays. There are also a million things you can’t control. You can’t control where you went to high school or where you’re from geographically or what your gender is. You can’t control what traits an admissions committee is looking for, or what mood a reader is in when they peruse your essay, or what the rest of that year’s applicant pool looks like. In other words, there are a lot of factors that can determine whether you’re offered admission to a school that have nothing to do with you. I’m making this point because getting rejected from a school you love is crushing, and it can often be framed in the context of “I wasn’t good enough to get in.” That’s not the right way to look at it. College decisions are not a reflection of your personal merit. Too many other factors come into play. And that’s important to recognize. That’s why I love Washington’s “It’s not me, it’s you” attitude towards his own British rejection. Guys, let’s face it: if you’ve got the motivation to apply to a great school like MIT or any other top university, you’re already an ambitious, driven, high-achieving person. You know that you have a lot to offer the world. If you were rejected somewhere, that university, for some reason or another, is not recognizing what you have to offer it. That can be a painful realization to confront, especially if a school felt like a really good fit. But honestly, who is a college to render judgment on you? You know what you have to offer. It’s not worth spending time pining over a school that doesn’t appreciate you. And you owe it to yourself to go somewhere that recognizes your potential and offers you an environment where you can thrive. And that brings me to my most important point. While we’re going with a Revolutionary theme, I’m going to borrow a quote from an incredibly powerful song from Hamilton: “I am the one thing in life I can control.” The single most formative, abiding factor in your life will be you. Your own abilities, your determination, and your attitude. Where you go to school might change your path, just like any number of situational factors that tweak the course of your life. It’s not going to define you. Going to your perfect college won’t hand you a perfect life on a glittering platter. And if you’re ambitious and hardworking, you won’t need that perfect school to succeed. You can’t control where you get into school. Fortunately, you can control you. And that’s the most important ingredient. Good luck, future class of 2020. You’re going to hit it out of the park.

NIPPON and JOHTUN paint - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5696 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Art Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? DETERMINATION OF LEVEL OF TOXICITY IN DIFFERENT BRAND OF LATEX (WATER) BASED PAINT ABSTRACT All people around the world have been using paint in their household but they have no idea that all this time they have been exposed to toxic substances that can be found in the paint. Paint manufacturer have used heavy metals substances in making paint pigments which gives variety of colour in paint. The paint pigments are made by using many different types of heavy metals substances which are highly concentrated even in one drop of the paint. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "NIPPON and JOHTUN paint" essay for you Create order For example, yellow and red paint pigments are commonly made of cadmium, Cd. Besides, mercury, Hg, is used in making black pigments in black paint while lead, Pb, is the main chemical suctances in making white pigments in paint. Other than that, cobalt, Co, is readily used in making yellow pigments of paint. In this experiment, a research has been done to investigate the level of these heavy metals present in their respective paint of two different brands of paint, NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. At the end of the experiment, a conclusion has been made which shows that both paints contain high percentage of heavy metal ions (toxicity) where both paint have percentage exceeds 100% of heavy metals ions present in a single drop of paint sample. This shows both paints should be avoided at all costs to prevent further exposure to these chemical substances which may harmful to humans health. However, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity level than JOHTUN paint which makes NIPPON paint is more dangerous than JOHTUN paint. 1. INTRODUCTION The usage of paint is widely used in decorating houses, mostly applied on walls and fences. This is because paint would give life to houses as it would appear beautifully when the right colour are been applied. However, people often consider that by applying any types of paint would be enough as long as their choice of colour is applied. What they do not know is that there are types of paint that can only be applied to certain object based on what they are made of. Besides, there are also types of paints that would affect humans health as some of them are made by using chemicals that are toxic. The toxicity may presence in small quantities in the paint. However, it is may enough to emit fumes that could cause nausea, headaches, dizziness and fatigue if is breathe in for a long time without good circulation of air. Even if breathing in fumes from small cans of paint spray, it may lead to non-reversible brain damage. 1.1 LATEX PAINT Latex paint or best known as water based paint is one type of paint that is made up of 50% to 90% of water. Although the paint are named latex, however this type of paint most of them does not have natural latex in modern painting. However, nowadays, companies usually refer latex paint as water based paint. This is because, many paints made up today are made with water as the thinner but with resins that are not latex. That is why it is called with term as water-thinned or water-reducible. Besides, if the paint called latex, it is because they contain plastic resin made of acrylics or polyvinyl. In modern days, paint comes with lots of types of colours. It is thanks to pigments that give out colour to the paint. Different pigment give out different types of colour and these pigments also are made up of chemicals. Usually common pigment types include mineral salts are which are used both in latex and oil based paint. For example, white colour usually are made up of basic lead carbonate, Pb2(CO3) while many of the red and yellow paints are made up of cadmium. Although usually the pigment are often the same both in latex and oil-based paint, it is the carriers and binders that differentiate the latex paint to oil-based paint which both will have different characteristics. The carrier is one part of the paint that volatile which will evaporates once the paint is applied on surface. The carrier is also the one which keeps the pigment and the binders together in suspension until the time when the paint is applied to a surface of wall or paper. The binders; however is the body of the paint, which is the permanent part of the paint. The binder is the one which remains when the paint dries. Besides, it also helps the paint to adhere more to a surface. In latex paint, water-soluble binders will include combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, PVA and others), filler, pigment and water. That is why the best latex (water based paints) will be made up of 100% acrylic completely or vinyl acrylics and polyvinyl acetates. 1.2 AIM OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDIES There are many types of latex paint with different brand available in the market and lots of people bought every single one of them based on the brands and the price. However, the brand of the latex paint does not ensure it contains higher percentage of toxicity than other brand based on the pigments made to make the paint. So, by doing this experiment, we can determined the total percentage of toxic substance present in a can of paint. As a result, people would know which brand are best to buy and use in order to take care of their health as they will be expose and smell the paint for a long time. This is because when people are expose to the paint, the toxicity would get into the body system trough smell. The toxic are dissolves in the paint and will be vaporize together with them. The toxic is then travel trough the thin air and sucked in by our respiratory system. Once the toxic are in the body, slowly they may affect body system. The effect does not shows any sign in a short pe riod of time, but once it kept accumulated in the body system it will do serious damage to our body such as skin irritation, headaches, nausea, diarrheal and if the nervous system got affected, people may fall into a coma. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION The substance causes paints to be toxic are because of the pigment of paint that give colour is made up of large composition of heavy metals substances. Therefore, research question is made which is Does level of toxicity is different in different brand of Latex (water) based paint? So, in order to answer the question above, experiments will be done to find out the level of toxicity in different brand of Latex (water) based paint. 2. HYPOTHESIS The determination of level of toxicity in paints is determined by the formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. So, hypothesis is made which the level of toxicity in paint higher when the mass of precipitate formed increases. This is because the heavy metal ion in paint will react with chemical reagents to formed insoluble precipitate. If the presence of the heavy metal ion is high in one paint, then the more precipitate will be formed at the end of the experiment, thus higher the level of its toxicity. 3. VARIABLES 3.1 Independent Variable 3.1.1 Paints Samples Two different brands of latex paint are used to be tested as samples for this experiment. The brands are Nippon paints and Johtun paints. Both samples will be compared to each other in which whether one brands contain higher toxic substance than the other in order to make the pigment of the paints. 3.1.2 Paints Colour Five different colours from each brand are selected to be tested in this experiment. The five colours are red, yellow, white, green and black. The purpose of using different colour for each brand is because the pigments which giving the colour of the paints are made up of different toxic substances. They are:- * Red pigments in red paints are commonly contains cadmium and lead * Many of the yellow pigments in yellow paints are made up of cadmium and cobalt. * The black pigments on the other hand are commonly made up of vermillion which contain mercury * Almost all green pigments in green paints are made up of cobalt * Most of the white pigments in the white paints are made up of lead carbonate. The toxic substances present in the five different colour of paint could then be determine by using confirmatory test for each of them and compared with the same colour of the other brand. 3.2 Dependent variable 3.2.1 The changes in colour There were four different experiments to indicate the presence of four different substances that considered as toxic. Every each of the experiment would result to changes in colour at the end of the experiment, if the toxic substances are present. So, the changes in colour of the mixture of chemical substances at the end of every experiment would be the dependent variable. The changes in colour were observed by using a piece of white A4 paper as the background so that the changes in colour would be clearly indicated. 3.2.2 The mass of precipitate formed At the end of every experiment, if the toxic substances are present, not only there would be changes in colour, precipitate would also be formed. The toxic substances ions would react with the reagent used to form precipitate which is insoluble in water. The precipitate would be filtered and its mass would be measured by using an electronic balance. If the mass of the precipitate is high, then it shows that the level of the required toxic substances used to make the pigment of the paint is high too. 3.3 Constant variables 3.3.1 The volume of paint used in the experiment The intensity of the colour of the paint used in the experiment was very high. So, in order to observe colour changes and precipitate formed, the paint must be diluted with water. This is to ensure that the paint must be clear enough so that any visible changes would be easily indicated. Therefore, only one drop of paint is used for every trial. 3.3.2 The volume of water used to dilute the paint The volume of water used for dilute the paint for every trial in each of the experiment is fixed to 10 ml. 4. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS 4.1 Materials Materials Quantity Nippons paint and Johtuns paint colour blue, yellow, red, black, and green. 1 drop 6.0 mol of Ammonia,NH3 20 ml 6.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 20 ml Thioacetamide 15 ml 12.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 15 ml 6.0 mol of Nitric acid, HNO3 15 ml Potassium Chromate, K2CrO4 10 ml 0.5 mol of Potassium Thiocyanate, KCSN 10 ml Acetone 10 ml Table 1 List of materials 4.2 Apparatus Apparatus Quantity Test tubes 40 5 ml measuring cylinder 2 50 ml measuring cylinder 2 Electronic balance 1 Dropper 10 A4 paper 1 50 ml beaker 8 Test tube holder 1 Filter paper 40 Filter funnel 1 Table 2 List of apparatus 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Sample Preparation The colour intensity paint samples for this experiment were very concentrated when the paints were bought from the shop. In order for this experiment to work, the paint need to be dilute first to form faint colour so that after the confirmatory test will be done, if there is any changes to the colour, it would be clearly observed. So, only drop of each paint sample with different colour was taken and been put into the test tube. Then, 10 ml of distilled water was measured using a measuring cylinder and been poured into each test tube containing the paint sample prepared earlier. Then, very faint colour were formed for every paint samples and readied for the confirmatory test. 5.2 Confirmatory Test A) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CADMIUM ( Cd 2+) [1] 1- Add 1 drops of red paint sample into a test tube. 2- Then, add 6 M NH3 (aq) until the solution become neutral. 3- Make the solution acidic by adding one or more drops of 6 M HCl. 4- After that, add 1 ml of thioacetamide and stir well. 5- Heat the test tube in the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. 6- If cadmium is present, a yellow precipitate of cadmium sulphide should form. 7- Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using yellow, white, green and black colour paint. B) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MERCURY (II), (Hg2+) [2] 1- If the results in procedures in A; get black precipitate at the end of the experiment, then, mercury is present. 2- For further confirmation, try to dissolve the precipitate in 1 ml of 12 M HCl with heating. 3- If it does not dissolve in HCl, try the same procedure with 1 ml of 6 M (dilute) HNO3. 4- If it still does not dissolve, then try to dissolve it in a mixture of 1 ml of 6 M HCl and 1 ml of 6 M HNO3, heating for 2 minutes in a water bath. Most of the black precipitate should dissolve because mercury(II) sulphide is the least soluble of the metal sulphides. C) CONFIRMSTORY TEST FOR LEAD (Pb2+) [3] 1- Add 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 drops of the original red paint sample. A white precipitate identifies Ag+ or Pb2+. 3- Then, add 2 to 5 drops of K2CrO4 solution to 5 drops of the original solution. A red precipitate identifies Ag+. A yellow precipitate identifies Pb2+. D) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT COMPOUNDS ( Co2+) [4] 1- Add 1 drops of red oil based paint into a test tube. 2- Add 5 drops of 0.5 M KNCS and mix together. 3- Add an equal volume of acetone and mix. A blue colour indicates the formation of [Co(NCS)4]2- 5.3 Measurements on mass of the precipitate formed When there are any changes of color of each experiments, precipitate would formed indicating that the toxic substances are present. Then, the precipitate would be filtered by using a filter funnel. The precipitate is then would be dried first to prevent any presence of water that may affect the measurements of mass of the precipitate. The mass of the precipitate is measured by using an electronic balance. 6. DATA COLLECTION 6.1 Results Below are the results of data obtained at the end of the experiment based on qualitative on two different brand. A) JOHTUN PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 4 Quantitative data for JOHTUN paint B) NIPPON PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Table 5 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 6 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint 7. Data Analysis 7.1 Data processing Calculation of percentage of precipitate formed at the end of the experiment The percentage of precipitate formed for every experiment is calculated by using the formula below: Mass of precipitate x 100% Mass of paint sample Formula 1 For this experiment, an assumption is made in order to calculate the percentage of precipitate formed as shown below: One drop of paint sample 0.01 cm3 Assumption 1 The assumption above is made because the volume of one drop of paint sample is too small to be measured. Therefore, the smallest reading possible is taken which is 0.01 cm3. However, the calculation is done only the experiments above shows formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. The sediments are not included in the calculation because it still part of the paint and does not undergo any reaction. Therefore, all the calculation is shown below. A) NIPPON PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.04 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 400 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. Graph 1 Level of toxicity in percentage of NIPPON paint B) JOHTUN PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.03 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 300 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. 7.1.1 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint Confirmatory test Color Level of toxicity NIPPON PAINT JOHTUN PAINT Cadmium Red 200% 300% Black Yellow 100% 100% Green White Mercury Red Black Yellow Green White Lead Red Black Yellow Green 200% 100% White 400% 200% Cobalt compound Red Black Yellow 400% 100% Green White Table 7 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint It is believed that all heavy metals elements present in paint are only one part of a very complex chemical formula present in the latex paint. Many chemicals are added into the paint making latex paint has composition of polymer having interpolymerized units that derive from styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl, or combinations thereof and units derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile apart having the heavy metals elements.[5] Therefore, it is assumed that the entire heavy metals element present in the paint will dissolve in water forming ions and complex compounds. Therefore, generally, reaction that occurs is, AX A (heavy metals ions) + X (unknown complex compound bind to the ions) Equation 1 So, the reactions for heavy metal elements that occur are, Ionization of cadmium CdX(l) Cd2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 2 Ionization of mercury HgX(l) Hg2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 3 Ionization of lead PbX(l) Pb2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 4 Ionization of cobalt compounds CoX(s) Co2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 5 Based on the experiment above, in experiment for testing the presence of cadmium, only red and yellow paint shows formation of yellow precipitate which is insoluble in water at the end of the experiment. The precipitate is actually cadmium sulfide which formed result of the reaction of cadmium ion in the paint with thioacetamide solution. Yellow precipitate also formed in experiment of confirmatory test for lead in white and green paint of both brand. The precipitate formed, lead (II) chromate, Pb2Cr2O4 was results of the reaction between lead ion, Pb2+ and potassium chromate, K2Cr2O4. Pb2+(aq) + Cr2O4 2- (l) Pb2Cr2O4(s) Equation 6 In experiment for confirmatory test for the presence of cobalt ion, Co2+ and mercury, Hg2+ there are no any precipitate formed. However, both brand of yellow paint shows changes when the solution change colour to slightly blue in test for cobalt ion at the end of the experiment. The changes of colour shows that [Co(NCS)4]2- which is blue in colour. Co2+ (aq) + KNCS( l) [Co(NCS)4]2- Equation 7 Despite of the result shows above, in experiment of confirmatory test for mercury, Hg2+ was the only experiment that shows no changes neither in colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury present in black paint and at the end of the experiment, a grayish precipitate should be formed indicating the presence of Hg2+ ion[6]. This will further explain under evaluation on why the result appears no change at all. 8. CONCLUSIONS AND EVALUATION 8.1 Conclusions Based on the experiment above, in all experiment of confirmatory test of all heavy metals ions, when mass of precipitate formed increases, then the level of toxicity in percentage of that paint is high. Therefore, hypothesis made for this experiment earlier is accepted. In experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ion, the mass of precipitate formed for red and yellow paint of NIPPON paint is 0.2 g and 0.1 g respectively. So, this makes the level of toxicity in percentage of cadmium in red and yellow paint is 200% and 100%. However, the red and yellow paint of JOHTUN paint has 0.3 g and 0.1 g of precipitate formed which makes the level of toxicity of 300% and 100% respectively. So, comparing of the level of toxicity between both brand, it shows that red NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity of cadmium than in red JOHTUN paint but has equal level of toxicity in yellow paint of both brand. For experiment B, about confirmatory test for mercury ions, there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. So, it is concluded that there are no mercury ions present in both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint making both paint free of toxicity of mercury. Meanwhile, for experiment C, in confirmatory test for lead ions, precipitate formed in green and white paint of both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. The mass of precipitate are 0.2 g with percentage of 200% for green paint and 0.4 g with percentage 400% for white paint of NIPPON paint. At the same time, in green JOHTUN paint, 0.1 g of precipitate formed with 100% and 0.2 g of precipitate formed in white paint with 200%. So, both green and white of NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity compared to JOHTUN paint. For the last experiment, confirmatory test of cobalt ions in experiment D, 0.4 g of precipitate formed in yellow NIPPON paint while in JOHTUN paint, only 0.1 g of precipitate is formed. So, the level of toxicity of cobalt ion in NIPPON paint with 400% is much higher than in JOHTUN paint with 100%. Overall, after analyzing and comparing of level of toxicity between NIPPON paint and JOHTUN paint, we can conclude that although the level of toxicity in both paint is very high, considering the percentage exceeds 100%, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity than in JOHTUN paint. So, both paint should be avoid to use widely as people will have very high risk in expose to high level of toxicity in NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. 8.2 Evaluations Although above experiments achieved the significance of this investigation, there are few limitations should be considered and can be improvise in order to get much more accurate results in future experiments. Firstly, in experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ions, it was hard to differentiate between yellow precipitate formed and yellow paint sediment when testing yellow paint sample. This is because, the yellow precipitate might be mixed together with yellow sediment at the end of the experiment. As a result, when it is weighed using with an electronic balance, the data might be the mass of mixture of the yellow precipitate together with yellow sediment instead of the mass of yellow precipitate as expected in this experiment. Therefore, in the future, right after the yellow paint is diluted, and dissolves completely in the distilled water, the yellow sediment is filtered out using filter funnel. Then only the experiment could be continue adding chemical solutions to test the presence of cadmium ions. Besides that, in experiment B, testing on the presence of mercury ions, there are no data obtained at the end of the experiment as all sample shows no change at all; neither in change of colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury ions, Hg2+ should be present in black paint. However, in his experiment, because of the complex chemical composition in paint, where the black paint usually made up of vermillion which contains mercury in it, so it might impossible to assume that Hg2+ could be extracted just by dissolving the paint in distilled water. Therefore, I believed that it is not advisable in doing further experiments in testing the presence of mercury ions. This is because, the experiment might be possible to be done by using more advance technologies and other chemical solutions. Other than that, the chemical reaction happen with precipitates formed significantly at the end of experiments, happens very slowly. The precipitates could only be obtained and measured using electronic balance after a day. Therefore, the experiments could be much faster if the mixture of paint sample and chemical solutions heated using a Bunsen burner. This is because when heat energy is apply on the mixture, it could increase the rate of collision of particles in the mixture causing more effective collision that cause reaction to happen. As a result, the rate of chemical reaction of heavy metal ions in this experiment would become much faster. 9. Further Research The data obtained from this experiment is important in order as guideline for all people when using paint in their households. Heavy metals are widely used by paint manufacturer to continuously making paint pigments without really considering the bad effect especially to peoples health if they been exposed to them for too long. Therefore it is important for all people to know the level of heavy metals present in the paint that they bought so that safety precautions can be taken seriously. Besides that, when the paint is applied on the wall, the smell or the odor of the paint is believed to have heavy metals ion which has been oxidized into thin air which could be inhale and would probably damage body system. Therefore, a research could be done how far this theory is true by doing experiments on presence of heavy metals in thin air when paint is applied. If this theory is proven true, then people all around the world should be alert about how paint that they used may cause cancer or skin diseases if they are exposed to the paint for a long time. Other than that, in these experiments only four heavy metals are investigated. Actually, there are many other types of paints which highly toxic because of the use of different heavy metals in the pigment. For example, barium yellow paint contains barium and chromates, Kings yellow paint contains arsenic, Emerald green paints contains arsenite, Lithopone paint which contains zinc sulfide and antimony black paint contains antimony sulfide and many more. I would suggest further experiments can be carried out in order to determine the level of these toxicity in other brands of paints which are widely used nowadays. APPENDIX The pictures below shows the changes of colour that should be get from the experiments; A) The presence of cadmium ions B) The presence of mercury ions C) The presence of lead ion D) The presence of cobalt ions Bibliography 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint, extracted on 12th September 2009 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_resin, extracted on 12th September 2009 3. https://www.rdmoney.com/paint_glossary.htm, extracted on 12th September 2009 4. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html, extracted on 13th September 2009 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium, extracted on 21st September 2009 6. https://captainpackrat.com/furry/toxicity.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 7. https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 8. https://www.goldenpaints.com/justpaint/jp4article2.php, extracted on 1st October 2009 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment, extracted on 15th January 2010 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_red, extracted on 15th January 2010 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_blue, extracted on 15th January 2010 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_white, extracted on 15th January 2010 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion, extracted on 15th January 2010 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide, extracted on 15th January 2010 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 16. https://home.howstuffworks.com/latex-paint.htm, extracted on 15th January 2010 17. https://nwrenovation.com/painting-articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-latex-over-oil-based-paint/, extracted on 15th January 2010 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 19. https://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/products/lpaint.htm , extracted on 17th January 2010 20. https://www.eggtempera.com/toxicity.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 21. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002730.htm, extracted on 17th January 2010 22. https://painterforum.com/types.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 [1] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS [2] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [3] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [4] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt [5] https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html [6] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm [7] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt

Richard Benner s Theory Of Nurses Developing Skills And...

BENNER’S THEORY - FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT AND ITS ROLE IN APRN PRACTICE Gagandeep Sandhu Samuel Merritt University Patricia Benner’s theory From Novice to Expert is based on the concept of nurses developing skills and understanding of the patients care overtime which comes from their continued efforts towards trying to achieve strong education and personal experience. The theory explains the five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. Starting from novice where they don’t have any experience and simply follow instructions, nurses finally reach the expert level transitioning through different levels where they rely on their experience rather than principles or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions. Their performance is fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient at this level. Benner stresses on skills through experience as a prerequisite for becoming an expert nurse (Nursing world, 2013). Benner’s theory gives a hope to new nurses and nurse practitioners in a way that experience brings expertise. Benner emphasizes on professional growth within the organization with increased experience. This theory provides a useful structure for practice development and marks out the difference between the functioning of novice and experienced nurses (Lyneham, Parkinson Denholm (2009). It emphasizes on the power of expertise and empowers the nurse to expand her knowledge. It validates the clinical

To Be Human Is To Discuss Free Essays

There were only 100 years without war in the whole history of human civilization! Iraq and Kuwait had had a long standing, but low level, border dispute over a pair of Persian Gulf islands. No preventative diplomacy was employed during this period of escalation, and Kuwait was invaded in August of 1990. more than 200 people lost their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on To Be Human Is To Discuss or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Vietnam war the total amount of casualties is more than 1,800 million people. In Rwanda after April 6, 1994, 800,000 men, women, and children perished in the Rwandan genocide, perhaps as many as three quarters of the Tutsi population. Although the Rwandans are fully responsible for the organization and execution of the genocide, governments and peoples elsewhere all share in the shame of the crime because they failed to prevent and stop this killing campaign. Not only did international leaders reject what was going on, but they also declined for weeks to use their political and moral authority to challenge the legitimacy of the genocidal government. When international leaders finally voiced disapproval, the genocidal authorities listened well enough to change their tactics although not their ultimate goal. Far from cause for satisfaction, this small success only highlights the tragedy: if weak protests produced this result in late April, imagine what might have been the result if in mid-April the entire world had spoken out. Syria now is bogged down in endless killing. Early in the uprising, Western support might have ousted Mr Assad and preserved Syria’s sectarian harmony. , but the West held back. Now, after more than 110,000 people have died during 30 months of violence, it is too late. Like many civil-war leaders Mr Assad prefers to prolong the fighting rather than risk compromise. The rebels, too, battle on in the knowledge that surrender is likely to mean death. Guys,we live in the 21 century and the humans became so developed that we can tell GOOGle what to GOOgle with our voice but we still fight even more horribly than centuries ago. why do wars still occur then? Wars occur when negotiations fail or don’t even take place. The talks fail when one or more of the parties refuse to participate in negotiations. There are 4 most common reasons for such refusals- 1) that the refusing party thinks that it can get a better outcome by some other means-usually through force. 2)they fear they will be forced to accept unwanted compromises. If parties think they will have to compromise their values, or give up their chance to obtain their fundamental needs, they will refuse to participate in any negotiation. 3)that parties may refuse to negotiate because they make think that the negotiations are a waste of time and are destined to fail. 4)A final reason why parties may refuse to negotiate is that they are so angry with the other group that they are not even willing to sit down at a table , because they do not want to grant them the legitimacy that such an act would imply. These reasons are not sensible enough to risk thousands of human lives. The main reason why the man got ahead of the mammals is thanks to the intensive development and differentiation of the cerebral cortex. But even the mammals don’t kill each other whereas it’s not uncommon for us to do this. We really differ from mammals and need to understand that the power of the word is immense and the only way for us to remain human beings is to discuss. All these bloodstained wars are not the inability to discuss, but just the unwillingness. While war has created more separation between Arab world and the West, negotiations could have improved the relationships and found long-term solution. the only way to stop the continuous fight in Syria is through negotiations. The Economist suggests that The effort is worth it—about 40% of civil wars end through negotiation. And to pave the way for negotiated solutions, parties should have clear understanding of their interests, acknowledge their interdependence by considering both short-term and long-term interests, and recognize that their interests are not incompatible. The parties should also reject the attempt to frame negotiations as talk with a madman. Negotiations are about finding common ground with the opponent, but not judging personal qualities of the negotiator. And the thing that the parties should understand best of all- is that they are humans and that as leaders they have to protect their people from war. Nothing in this world is more valuable than a human life. Let’s save it by discussion! It began to snow.. lightly at first, but then in large flakes. The wind started to howl,it was a snowstorm. In an instant the dark sky merged into an ocean of snow. Everything disappeared. The epigraph for Bulgacov’s â€Å"White Guardian† seems like a snowy night on December the 9th in Kiev. the protesters have blockaded streets and occupied municipal buildings, riot police have beaten demonstrators and journalists, agent provocateurs have tried to discredit the crowd and thus to excuse the repression. The violence can get much worse but the both parties answers to the idea of talks are â€Å"we shall push a little bit more and everything will be OK†. Won’t it be only worse? How to cite To Be Human Is To Discuss, Papers

Universal Precautions Case Study

Question: Discuss about theUniversal Precautionsfor Case Study. Answer: Introduction Ensuring a routine follow-up of the universal precautions is fundamental in nursing practice to prevent the spread of harmful pathogens. When caring for patients, nurses often encounter situations that predispose them to potentially infectious materials. This paper explains what the EN will do to manage the situation, focusing on personal hygiene practices, protective equipment, contamination-limitation techniques, surface cleaning, and management of body fluids. What the EN Will Do Before Entering the Room After noticing that Ms. Edith Smith has soiled herself and the floor, the EN will need to recognize that utilizing appropriate standard precautions is relevant. Evidently, body fluids such as urine and feces contain harmful pathogens that can be highly infectious (La Rosa et al., 2013). Although the case study does not provide some diagnoses that can be infectious, the EN can implement three interventions before entering the room for protective purposes. Hand washing. Hand washing is the first, easiest and safest way that the EN can use to prevent cross contamination to Mrs. Edith. According to Malliarou, Sarafis, Zyga, and Constantinidis (2013) the essence of washing hands is not only to prevent the nurse from the infections but also to ensure that the patient is not predisposed to nosocomial infections. Therefore, the nurse can wash hands using the antiseptic provided by the hospital to minimize the bacteria on her hands to remove the pathogens on her hands. Putting on an apron. The nurse can put on an apron to prevent the transfer of feces and urine to the clothes, skin and the mucous membranes. D'Angelo (2012) contends that every body part is at risk of infection from external body fluids and thus, protection must always be a priority to protect oneself. Moreover, the EN must put on closed shoes to prevent infection to the feet. Putting on gloves. In addition to the apron, donning gloves is the final and the most critical steps before going to help Ms. Edith because it contributes to limit contamination. Wilson et al. (2014) provide guidelines, which ascertain that healthcare providers must always put on gloves before handling patients to limit the risk of cross-contamination. Therefore, after ensuring the observance if this guideline, she can proceed to help Ms. Edith. In the Room While in the room, the EN can start by helping Ms. Edith to remove her clothes. Then, the nurse can dispose of the clothes appropriately following the specified hospital policy for sluicing. After that, the EN can help maintain the privacy and dignity of Ms. Edith, and assist her in taking a bath. During this time, the nurse must ensure that no part of the body is predisposed to infections. Then, the EN can request for assistance from any nurse in the unit to bring clean clothes, which can be given to Ms. Edith to put on. Besides, Kutzleb et al. (2015) contend that geriatric patients must be allowed to implement self-care because it increases the quality of life and enhances health outcomes. In this case, the general condition of the patient can allow her to put on the clothes, and the EN must allow her to be as independent as possible with minimal assistance. Most importantly, the EN should not touch the clean clothes to prevent cross-infection. Then, the nurse can allow Ms. Edith to use the walking frame as she walks out of the bathroom. Still in the apron, closed shoes and the gloves, the nurse can wash the feces and urine and dispose of appropriately. Alternatively, she can direct junior staff responsible for the work to remove them depending on the hospital policy. Before Leaving the Room The EN needs to observe the universal precautions until the time of leaving the bathroom. During the process, the EN must ensure that no other patients and fellow staff are at risk of infection. After completing the procedure on Ms. Edith, the EN can observe the following four steps. Dispose the gloves and perform hand hygiene. Disposing of the used gloves is the priority intervention in this case because the nurse needs to use the hands on other parts of the body. According to Garus-Pakowska, Sobala, and Szatko (2013), proper disposal of gloves is crucial in the hospital to prevent infecting the hospital staff and the patients. Accordingly, the gloves must be put in an appropriate receiver specified by the hospital. Then the nurse can wash hands with an antiseptic. Dispose the gown and perform hand hygiene. The gown has spills since the nurse assisted Ms. Edith to dress. Therefore, the nurse can touch the areas not having the spills and remove the gown, then dispose of appropriately. Despite touching the places with no fluids on the gown, the nurse can repeat washing hands with an antiseptic to prevent infection. Conclusion Universal precautions are necessary for every hospital setting because they help to reduce the risk of transmission of infections. The case of Ms. Edith is a perfect example of the way nurses predispose themselves to infections. Nurses in this situation can use proper hand washing and other practices such as putting own a gown to prevent infections. Most importantly, the nurse must ensure that other patients and hospital staff are not predisposed to infections by observing the universal precautions. References D'Angelo, J. M. (2012).Milady standard esthetics: fundamentals. Boston, Massachusetts: Milady Cengage Learning. Garus-Pakowska, A., Sobala, W., Szatko, F. (2013). The use of protective gloves by medical personnel.International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health,26(3), 423-429. doi:10.2478/s13382-013-0095-1 Kutzleb, J., Rigolosi, R., Fruhschien, A., Reilly, M., Shaftic, A. M., Duran, D., Flynn, D. (2015). Nurse practitioner care model: meeting the health care challenges with a collaborative team.Nursing Economics,33(6), 297. Retrieved from https://www.nursingeconomics.net/ce/2017/article3306297304.pdf La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Libera, S. D., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M. (2013). Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission.Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanit,49(2), 124-132. doi: 10.4415/ANN_13_02_03 Malliarou, M., Sarafis, P., Zyga, S., Constantinidis, T. C. (2013). The importance of nurses hand hygiene.International Journal of Caring Sciences,6(3), 327. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pavlos_Sarafis/publication/257200630_The_Importance_of_Nurses_Hand_Hygiene/links/02e7e524a0b2f27999000000.pdf Wilson, J., Loveday, H. P., Pratt, R. J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., ... Wilcox, M. (2014). epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, 1-S70. Retrieved from https://www.his.org.uk/files/3113/8693/4808/epic3_National_Evidence-Based_Guidelines_for_Preventing_HCAI_in_NHSE.pdf